Framework for custom actions on an information feed

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for providing a custom action for an information post are described. In one embodiment, data for generating a user interface component for display at a client machine may be transmitted from a server to the client machine. The user interface component displaying one or more information posts may be capable of being generated in accordance with first computing programming language instructions provided by a first entity. Each information post may include information relating to a record stored on a storage medium accessible to the server. Selected ones of the information posts may have associated therewith a custom action activation mechanism for activating a custom action relating to the associated information post. The custom action activation mechanism may be capable of being generated in accordance with second computer programming language instructions provided by a second entity.

PRIORITY AND RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/051,627, filed Feb. 23, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,528,370, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to on-demand services providedover a data network such as the Internet, and more specifically toinformation feeds.

BACKGROUND

“Cloud computing” services provide shared resources, software, andinformation to computers and other devices upon request. In cloudcomputing environments, software can be accessible over the Internetrather than installed locally on in-house computer systems. Cloudcomputing typically involves over-the-Internet provision of dynamicallyscalable and often virtualized resources. Technological details can beabstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, orcontrol over, the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supportsthem.

Using conventional database management techniques, it is difficult toknow about the activity of others users of a database system in thecloud or other network. For example, the activity of a particular user,such as a salesperson, may be important to the user's boss. The user cancreate a report about what the user has done and send it to the boss,but such reports may be inefficient, not timely, and incomplete. Also,it may be difficult to know other people who might benefit from theinformation in the report.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only toprovide examples of possible structures and process operations for thedisclosed inventive systems, apparatus, and methods for custom actionsfor an information feed in an on-demand computing service environment.These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that maybe made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit andscope of the disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environmentwherein an on-demand database service might be used.

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of FIG.1A and various possible interconnections between these elements.

FIG. 2A shows a system diagram 200 illustrating architectural componentsof an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2B shows a system diagram further illustrating architecturalcomponents of an on-demand service environment, in accordance with oneembodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method 300 for tracking updates to a recordstored in a database system according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of components of a database system performinga method for tracking an update to a record according to one or moreembodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for tracking actions of a user ofa database system according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 for creating a news feed frommessages created by a first user about a record or another useraccording to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a group feed on a group page according to oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a record feed containing a feed trackedupdate, post, and comments according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 9A shows a plurality of tables that may be used in tracking eventsand creating feeds according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 9B shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 for automaticallysubscribing a user to an object in a database system according toembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method 1000 for saving information to feedtracking tables according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method 1100 for reading a feed item as partof generating a feed for display according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a method 1200 for reading a feed item of aprofile feed for display according to one or more embodiments.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method 1300 of storing event information forefficient generation of feed items to display in a feed according to oneor more embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method 1400 for creating a custom feed forusers of a database system using filtering criteria according toembodiments.

FIG. 15 shows a system diagram of a system 1500 for providing a customaction, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 16 shows a flow diagram of a method 1600 for setting up a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 17 shows a flow diagram of a method 1700 for generating a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram of a method 1800 for handling a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment.

FIGS. 19-29 show images of user interfaces involving custom actions, inaccordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples of systems, apparatus, and methods according to the disclosedembodiments are described in this section. These examples are beingprovided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of thedisclosed embodiments. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in theart that implementations may be practiced without some or all of thesespecific details. In other instances, well known process/method stepshave not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring embodiments. Other applications are possible, such that thefollowing examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting eitherin scope or setting.

In the following detailed description, references are made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in whichare shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments. Although theseembodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled inthe art to practice the disclosed implementations, it is understood thatthese examples are not limiting, such that other embodiments may be usedand changes may be made without departing from their spirit and scope.For example, the blocks of methods shown and described herein are notnecessarily performed in the order indicated. It should also beunderstood that the methods may include more or fewer blocks than areindicated. In some implementations, blocks described herein as separateblocks may be combined. Conversely, what may be described herein as asingle block may be implemented in multiple blocks.

Various embodiments described or referenced herein are directed todifferent methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products forfacilitating the monitoring of updates to records using an informationfeed in an on-demand database service environment. In some embodiments,the disclosed methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program productsmay be configured or designed for use in a multi-tenant databaseenvironment.

The “following” of a database record, as described in greater detailbelow, allows a user to track the progress of that record. Updates tothe record, also referred to herein as changes, can occur and be notedon the record's information feed. With the disclosed embodiments,updates are often presented as an item or entry in the feed, but canalso be presented as a collection of individual of items. Types of suchupdates can include field changes in a data record, posts such asexplicit text or characters submitted by a user, status updates,uploaded files, and links to other data or records. Also, one type ofupdate is the creation of the record itself. Updates can also begroup-related, e.g., a change to group status information for a group ofwhich the user is a member. Users following the record are capable ofviewing updates on the user's feed.

The disclosed implementations provide for noteworthy changes that occuron records related to a common record, such as a parent record, toappear both on the common record's feed and in the individually tailoredfeeds of users following the parent. Implementations of the disclosedsystems, apparatus, and methods are configured to differentiate moreinteresting/higher value updates from less interesting updates byapplying one or more criteria in the form of rules. In this way, aricher view of relevant updates, with more detail, can be provided inthe feed without a user having to distinguish among numerous updates andclick through or otherwise drill down into the feed to view updates ofinterest. For example, such information can be presented on a graphicaluser interface of a display device in the context of and in closeproximity to parent record updates displayed in the user's feed.

In one example, an account executive owns the account, “Acme, Inc.” Theaccount executive follows the Acme, Inc., account record, so the systemis configured to provide notifications about changes made to the recordin the account executive's feed. Such changes can be made to the recordby the account executive or by others who have “write” accesspermissions to the record. In this example, several records areassociated with the Acme, Inc. account record. These records includefive contacts, three opportunities, a task, and two events, explained ingreater detail below. Several of these associated records are ownedand/or maintained by others within the account executive's salesorganization. Here, because the associated records are only related tothe Acme, Inc. account record, the executive may not be interested inmonitoring every change to them, but the executive is interested inmaintaining some level of visibility to the changes. The disclosedtechniques for monitoring updates to records using an information feedcan be configured to provide the desired level of visibility.

These and other embodiments may be implemented by various types ofhardware, software, firmware, etc. For example, some embodiments may beimplemented, at least in part, by machine-readable media that includeprogram instructions, state information, etc., for performing variousservices and operations described herein. Examples of programinstructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler,and files containing higher-level code that may be executed by thecomputer using an interpreter. Examples of machine-readable mediainclude, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks,floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks;magneto-optical media; and hardware devices that are speciallyconfigured to store program instructions, such as read-only memorydevices (“ROM”) and random access memory (“RAM”). These and otherfeatures and benefits of the disclosed embodiments will be described inmore detail below with reference to the associated drawings.

The term “multi-tenant database system” can refer to those systems inwhich various elements of hardware and software of the database systemmay be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given applicationserver may simultaneously process requests for a great number ofcustomers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentiallymuch greater number of customers. The term “query plan” generally refersto one or more steps used to access information in a database system.

A “user profile” or “user's profile” is generally configured to storeand maintain data about the user of the database system. The data caninclude general information, such as title, phone number, a photo, abiographical summary, and a status (e.g., text describing what the useris currently doing). As mentioned below, the data can include messagescreated by other users. Where there are multiple tenants, a user istypically associated with a particular tenant. For example, a user couldbe a salesperson of a company that is a tenant of the database systemthat provides a database service.

The term “record” generally refers to a data entity, such as an instanceof a data object created by a user of the database service, for example,about a particular (actual or potential) business relationship orproject. The data object can have a data structure defined by thedatabase service (a standard object) or defined by a subscriber (customobject). For example, a record can be for a business partner orpotential business partner (e.g. a client, vendor, distributor, etc.) ofthe user, and can include an entire company, subsidiaries, or contactsat the company. As another example, a record can be a project that theuser is working on, such as an opportunity (e.g. a possible sale) withan existing partner, or a project that the user is trying to get. In oneembodiment implementing a multi-tenant database, all of the records forthe tenants have an identifier stored in a common table. A record hasdata fields that are defined by the structure of the object (e.g. fieldsof certain data types and purposes). A record can also have customfields defined by a user. A field can be another record or include linksthereto, thereby providing a parent-child relationship between therecords.

The term “feed” includes a combination (e.g. a list) of feed items orentries with various types of information and data. Such feed items canbe stored and maintained in one or more database tables, e.g., as rowsin the table(s), that can be accessed to retrieve relevant informationto be presented as part of a displayed feed. The term “feed item” (orfeed element) refers to information about a user (“profile feed”) of thedatabase or about a record (“record feed”) in the database. A userfollowing the user or record can receive the associated feed items. Insome implementations, the feed items from all of the followed users andrecords can be combined into a single feed for the user.

As examples, a feed item can be a message, such as a user-generated postof text data, and a feed tracked update to a record or profile, such asa change to a field of the record. A feed can be a combination ofmessages and feed tracked updates. Messages include text created by auser, and may include other data as well. Examples of messages includeposts, user status updates, and comments. Messages can be created for auser's profile or for a record. Posts can be created by various users,potentially any user, although some restrictions can be applied. As anexample, posts can be made to a wall section of a user's profile (whichcan include a number of recent posts) or a section of a record thatincludes multiple posts. The posts can be organized in chronologicalorder when displayed in a graphical user interface (GUI) as part of afeed. In contrast to a post, a user status update changes a status of auser and can be made by that user or an administrator. Other similarsections of a user's profile can also include an “About” section. Arecord can also have a status, whose update can be provided by an ownerof the record or other users having suitable write access permissions tothe record. The owner can be a single user, multiple users, or a group.In one embodiment, there is only one status for a record. In oneembodiment, a comment can be made on any feed item. In anotherembodiment, comments are organized as a list explicitly tied to aparticular feed tracked update, post, or status update. In thisembodiment, comments may not be listed in the first layer (in ahierarchal sense) of feed items, but listed as a second layer branchingfrom a particular first layer feed item.

A “feed tracked update,” also referred to herein as a “feed update,”generally refers to data representing an event, and can include textgenerated by the database system in response to the event, to beprovided as one or more feed items for possible inclusion in one or morefeeds. In one embodiment, the data can initially be stored, and then thedatabase system can later use the data to create text for describing theevent. Both the data and/or the text can be a feed tracked update, asused herein. In various embodiments, an event can be an update of arecord and/or can be triggered by a specific action by a user. Whichactions trigger an event can be configurable. Which events have feedtracked updates created and which feed updates are sent to which userscan also be configurable. Messages and feed updates can be stored as afield or child object of the record. For example, the feed can be storedas a child object of the record.

A “group” is generally a collection of users. In some aspects, the groupmay be defined as users with a same or similar attribute, or bymembership. In one embodiment, a “group feed” includes any feed itemabout any user in a group. In another embodiment, the group feedincludes feed items that are about the group as a whole. In oneimplementation, the feed items for a group are only posts and comments.

An “entity feed” or “record feed” generally refers to a feed of feeditems about a particular record in the database, such as feed trackedupdates about changes to the record and posts made by users about therecord. An entity feed can be composed of any type of feed item. Such afeed can be displayed on a page (e.g. a web page) associated with therecord (e.g. a home page of the record). As used herein, a “profilefeed” is a feed of feed items about a particular user. In oneembodiment, the feed items for a profile feed are posts and commentsthat other users make about or send to the particular user, and statusupdates made by the user. Such a profile feed can be displayed on a pageassociated with the particular user. In another embodiment, feed itemsin a profile feed could include posts made by the particular user andfeed tracked changes (feed tracked updates) initiated based on actionsof the particular user.

I. General Overview

Systems, apparatus, and methods are provided for implementing enterpriselevel social and business information networking. Such embodiments canprovide more efficient use of a database system. For instance, a user ofa database system may not easily know when important information in thedatabase has changed, e.g., about a project or client. Embodiments canprovide feed tracked updates about such changes and other events,thereby keeping users informed.

By way of example, a user can update a record (e.g. an opportunity suchas a possible sale of 1000 computers). Once the record update has beenmade, a feed tracked update about the record update can thenautomatically be sent (e.g. in a feed) to anyone subscribing to theopportunity or to the user. Thus, the user does not need to contact amanager regarding the change in the opportunity, since the feed trackedupdate about the update is sent via a feed right to the manager's feedpage (or other page).

Next, mechanisms and methods for providing systems implementingenterprise level social and business information networking will bedescribed with reference to example embodiments. First, an overview ofan example database system is described, and then examples of trackingevents for a record, actions of a user, and messages about a user orrecord are described. Various embodiments about the data structure offeeds, customizing feeds, user selection of records and users to follow,generating feeds, and displaying feeds are also described.

II. System Overview

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an environment 10 wherein anon-demand database service might be used. Environment 10 may includeuser systems 12, network 14, system 16, processor system 17, applicationplatform 18, network interface 20, tenant data storage 22, system datastorage 24, program code 26, and process space 28. In other embodiments,environment 10 may not have all of the components listed and/or may haveother elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.

Environment 10 is an environment in which an on-demand database serviceexists. User system 12 may be any machine or system that is used by auser to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems12 can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptopcomputer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. Asillustrated in FIG. 1A (and in more detail in FIG. 1B) user systems 12might interact via a network 14 with an on-demand database service,which is system 16.

An on-demand database service, such as system 16, is a database systemthat is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarilybe concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, butinstead may be available for their use when the users need the databasesystem (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand databaseservices may store information from one or more tenants stored intotables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system(MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 16” and “system 16” willbe used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or moredatabase objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS) or theequivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against thedatabase object(s). Application platform 18 may be a framework thatallows the applications of system 16 to run, such as the hardware and/orsoftware, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demanddatabase service 16 may include an application platform 18 that enablescreation, managing and executing one or more applications developed bythe provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing theon-demand database service via user systems 12, or third partyapplication developers accessing the on-demand database service via usersystems 12.

The users of user systems 12 may differ in their respective capacities,and the capacity of a particular user system 12 might be entirelydetermined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. Forexample, where a salesperson is using a particular user system 12 tointeract with system 16, that user system has the capacities allotted tothat salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that usersystem to interact with system 16, that user system has the capacitiesallotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical rolemodel, users at one permission level may have access to applications,data, and database information accessible by a lower permission leveluser, but may not have access to certain applications, databaseinformation, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level.Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard toaccessing and modifying application and database information, dependingon a user's security or permission level, also called authorization.

Network 14 is any network or combination of networks of devices thatcommunicate with one another. For example, network 14 can be any one orany combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network),telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, starnetwork, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriateconfiguration. As the most common type of computer network in currentuse is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol)network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred toas the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in manyof the examples herein. However, it should be understood that thenetworks that the present embodiments might use are not so limited,although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.

User systems 12 might communicate with system 16 using TCP/IP and, at ahigher network level, use other common Internet protocols tocommunicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTPis used, user system 12 might include an HTTP client commonly referredto as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from anHTTP server at system 16. Such an HTTP server might be implemented asthe sole network interface between system 16 and network 14, but othertechniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations,the interface between system 16 and network 14 includes load sharingfunctionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balanceloads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality ofservers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, eachof the plurality of servers has access to the MTS' data; however, otheralternative configurations may be used instead.

In one embodiment, system 16, shown in FIG. 1A, implements a web-basedcustomer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in oneembodiment, system 16 includes application servers configured toimplement and execute CRM software applications as well as providerelated data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and fromuser systems 12 and to store to, and retrieve from, a database systemrelated data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system,data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical databaseobject, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of onetenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that onetenant does not have access to another tenant's data, unless such datais expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system 16 implementsapplications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. Forexample, system 16 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted(standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User(or third party developer) applications, which may or may not includeCRM, may be supported by the application platform 18, which managescreation, storage of the applications into one or more database objectsand executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the processspace of the system 16.

One arrangement for elements of system 16 is shown in FIG. 1A, includinga network interface 20, application platform 18, tenant data storage 22for tenant data 23, system data storage 24 for system data 25 accessibleto system 16 and possibly multiple tenants, program code 26 forimplementing various functions of system 16, and a process space 28 forexecuting MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such asrunning applications as part of an application hosting service.Additional processes that may execute on system 16 include databaseindexing processes.

Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 1A include conventional,well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example,each user system 12 could include a desktop personal computer,workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol(WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable ofinterfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other networkconnection. User system 12 typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., abrowsing program, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser,Netscape's Navigator browser, Opera's browser, or a WAP-enabled browserin the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like,allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system)of user system 12 to access, process and view information, pages andapplications available to it from system 16 over network 14. Each usersystem 12 also typically includes one or more user interface devices,such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen orthe like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) providedby the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.)in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other informationprovided by system 16 or other systems or servers. For example, the userinterface device can be used to access data and applications hosted bysystem 16, and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow auser to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user.As discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet,which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, itshould be understood that other networks can be used instead of theInternet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network(VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like.

According to one embodiment, each user system 12 and all of itscomponents are operator configurable using applications, such as abrowser, including computer code run using a central processing unitsuch as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system 16(and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) andall of their components might be operator configurable usingapplication(s) including computer code to run using a central processingunit such as processor system 17, which may include an Intel Pentium®processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computerprogram product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium(media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used toprogram a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodimentsdescribed herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system 16to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other dataand media content as described herein are preferably downloaded andstored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof,may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory mediumor device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on anymedia capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotatingmedia including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk(DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, andmagnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs),or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/ordata. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may betransmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmissionmedium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is wellknown, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection asis well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communicationmedium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as arewell known. It will also be appreciated that computer code forimplementing embodiments of the present invention can be implemented inany programming language that can be executed on a client system and/orserver or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any othermarkup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scriptinglanguage, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as arewell known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems,Inc.).

According to one embodiment, each system 16 is configured to providewebpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client)systems 12 to support the access by user systems 12 as tenants of system16. As such, system 16 provides security mechanisms to keep eachtenant's data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTSis used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., ina server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may bedistributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or moreservers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). Asused herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/orphysically connected servers distributed locally or across one or moregeographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant toinclude a computer system, including processing hardware and processspace(s), and an associated storage system and database application(e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also beunderstood that “server system” and “server” are often usedinterchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described hereincan be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, acollection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online oroffline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include adistributed database or storage network and associated processingintelligence.

FIG. 1B also illustrates environment 10. However, in FIG. 1B elements ofsystem 16 and various interconnections in an embodiment are furtherillustrated. FIG. 1B shows that user system 12 may include processorsystem 12A, memory system 12B, input system 12C, and output system 12D.FIG. 1B shows network 14 and system 16. FIG. 1B also shows that system16 may include tenant data storage 22, tenant data 23, system datastorage 24, system data 25, User Interface (UI) 30, Application ProgramInterface (API) 32, PL/SOQL 34, save routines 36, application setupmechanism 38, applications servers 1001-100N, system process space 102,tenant process spaces 104, tenant management process space 110, tenantstorage area 112, user storage 114, and application metadata 116. Inother embodiments, environment 10 may not have the same elements asthose listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or inaddition to, those listed above.

User system 12, network 14, system 16, tenant data storage 22, andsystem data storage 24 were discussed above in FIG. 1A. Regarding usersystem 12, processor system 12A may be any combination of one or moreprocessors. Memory system 12B may be any combination of one or morememory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system 12Cmay be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards,mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks.Output system 12D may be any combination of output devices, such as oneor more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown byFIG. 1B, system 16 may include a network interface 20 (of FIG. 1A)implemented as a set of HTTP application servers 100, an applicationplatform 18, tenant data storage 22, and system data storage 24. Alsoshown is system process space 102, including individual tenant processspaces 104 and a tenant management process space 110. Each applicationserver 100 may be configured to tenant data storage 22 and the tenantdata 23 therein, and system data storage 24 and the system data 25therein to serve requests of user systems 12. The tenant data 23 mightbe divided into individual tenant storage areas 112, which can be eithera physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within eachtenant storage area 112, user storage 114 and application metadata 116might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of auser's most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage114. Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is atenant might be stored to tenant storage area 112. A UI 30 provides auser interface and an API 32 provides an application programmerinterface to system 16 resident processes to users and/or developers atuser systems 12. The tenant data and the system data may be stored invarious databases, such as one or more Oracle) databases.

Application platform 18 includes an application setup mechanism 38 thatsupports application developers' creation and management ofapplications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage 22by save routines 36 for execution by subscribers as one or more tenantprocess spaces 104 managed by tenant management process 110 for example.Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 34 thatprovides a programming language style interface extension to API 32. Adetailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussedin commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TOEXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct.4, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety andfor all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one ormore system processes, which manage retrieving application metadata 116for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata asan application in a virtual machine.

Each application server 100 may be communicably coupled to databasesystems, e.g., having access to system data 25 and tenant data 23, via adifferent network connection. For example, one application server 1001might be coupled via the network 14 (e.g., the Internet), anotherapplication server 100N-1 might be coupled via a direct network link,and another application server 100N might be coupled by yet a differentnetwork connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between applicationservers 100 and the database system. However, it will be apparent to oneskilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used tooptimize the system depending on the network interconnect used.

In certain embodiments, each application server 100 is configured tohandle requests for any user associated with any organization that is atenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove applicationservers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there ispreferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to aspecific application server 100. In one embodiment, therefore, aninterface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the applicationservers 100 and the user systems 12 to distribute requests to theapplication servers 100. In one embodiment, the load balancer uses aleast connections algorithm to route user requests to the applicationservers 100. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as roundrobin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, incertain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user couldhit three different application servers 100, and three requests fromdifferent users could hit the same application server 100. In thismanner, system 16 is multi-tenant, wherein system 16 handles storage of,and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparateusers and organizations.

As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs asales force where each salesperson uses system 16 to manage their salesprocess. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customerfollow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., allapplicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., in tenant datastorage 22). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the dataand the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit,calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system havingnothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her salesefforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example,if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internetaccess in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as tothat customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby.

While each user's data might be separate from other users' dataregardless of the employers of each user, some data might beorganization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users orall of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, theremight be some data structures managed by system 16 that are allocated atthe tenant level while other data structures might be managed at theuser level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants includingpossible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keepdata, applications, and application use separate. Also, because manytenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their ownsystem, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions thatmay be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data andtenant-specific data, system 16 might also maintain system level datausable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data mightinclude industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharableamong tenants.

In certain embodiments, user systems 12 (which may be client systems)communicate with application servers 100 to request and updatesystem-level and tenant-level data from system 16 that may requiresending one or more queries to tenant data storage 22 and/or system datastorage 24. System 16 (e.g., an application server 100 in system 16)automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or moreSQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. Systemdata storage 24 may generate query plans to access the requested datafrom the database.

Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, suchas a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefinedcategories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may beused herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and customobjects according to embodiments of the present invention. It should beunderstood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein.Each table generally contains one or more data categories logicallyarranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or recordof a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by thefields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes acustomer with fields for basic contact information such as name,address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe apurchase order, including fields for information such as customer,product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems,standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRMdatabase applications, such standard entities might include tables forAccount, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containingpre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” mayalso be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”.

In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to createand store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standardentities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standardobjects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,779,039, entitled“Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, andwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for allpurposes, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects aswell as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system.In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows arestored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may containmultiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customersthat their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table orthat their data may be stored in the same table as the data of othercustomers.

FIG. 2A shows a system diagram 200 illustrating architectural componentsof an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment.

A client machine located in the cloud 204 (or Internet) may communicatewith the on-demand service environment via one or more edge routers 208and 212. The edge routers may communicate with one or more core switches220 and 224 via firewall 216. The core switches may communicate with aload balancer 228, which may distribute server load over different pods,such as the pods 240 and 244. The pods 240 and 244, which may eachinclude one or more servers and/or other computing resources, mayperform data processing and other operations used to provide on-demandservices. Communication with the pods may be conducted via pod switches232 and 236. Components of the on-demand service environment maycommunicate with a database storage system 256 via a database firewall248 and a database switch 252.

As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, accessing an on-demand service environmentmay involve communications transmitted among a variety of differenthardware and/or software components. Further, the on-demand serviceenvironment 200 is a simplified representation of an actual on-demandservice environment. For example, while only one or two devices of eachtype are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, some embodiments of an on-demandservice environment may include anywhere from one to many devices ofeach type. Also, the on-demand service environment need not include eachdevice shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, or may include additional devices notshown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

Moreover, one or more of the devices in the on-demand serviceenvironment 200 may be implemented on the same physical device or ondifferent hardware. Some devices may be implemented using hardware or acombination of hardware and software. Thus, terms such as “dataprocessing apparatus,” “machine,” “server” and “device” as used hereinare not limited to a single hardware device, but rather include anyhardware and software configured to provide the described functionality.

The cloud 204 is intended to refer to a data network or plurality ofdata networks, often including the Internet. Client machines located inthe cloud 204 may communicate with the on-demand service environment toaccess services provided by the on-demand service environment. Forexample, client machines may access the on-demand service environment toretrieve, store, edit, and/or process information.

In some embodiments, the edge routers 208 and 212 route packets betweenthe cloud 204 and other components of the on-demand service environment200. The edge routers 208 and 212 may employ the Border Gateway Protocol(BGP). The BGP is the core routing protocol of the Internet. The edgerouters 208 and 212 may maintain a table of IP networks or ‘prefixes’which designate network reachability among autonomous systems on theInternet.

In one or more embodiments, the firewall 216 may protect the innercomponents of the on-demand service environment 200 from Internettraffic. The firewall 216 may block, permit, or deny access to the innercomponents of the on-demand service environment 200 based upon a set ofrules and other criteria. The firewall 216 may act as one or more of apacket filter, an application gateway, a stateful filter, a proxyserver, or any other type of firewall.

In some embodiments, the core switches 220 and 224 are high-capacityswitches that transfer packets within the on-demand service environment200. The core switches 220 and 224 may be configured as network bridgesthat quickly route data between different components within theon-demand service environment. In some embodiments, the use of two ormore core switches 220 and 224 may provide redundancy and/or reducedlatency.

In some embodiments, the pods 240 and 244 may perform the core dataprocessing and service functions provided by the on-demand serviceenvironment. Each pod may include various types of hardware and/orsoftware computing resources. An example of the pod architecture isdiscussed in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2B.

In some embodiments, communication between the pods 240 and 244 may beconducted via the pod switches 232 and 236. The pod switches 232 and 236may facilitate communication between the pods 240 and 244 and clientmachines located in the cloud 204, for example via core switches 220 and224. Also, the pod switches 232 and 236 may facilitate communicationbetween the pods 240 and 244 and the database storage 256.

In some embodiments, the load balancer 228 may distribute workloadbetween the pods 240 and 244. Balancing the on-demand service requestsbetween the pods may assist in improving the use of resources,increasing throughput, reducing response times, and/or reducingoverhead. The load balancer 228 may include multilayer switches toanalyze and forward traffic.

In some embodiments, access to the database storage 256 may be guardedby a database firewall 248. The database firewall 248 may act as acomputer application firewall operating at the database applicationlayer of a protocol stack. The database firewall 248 may protect thedatabase storage 256 from application attacks such as structure querylanguage (SQL) injection, database rootkits, and unauthorizedinformation disclosure.

In some embodiments, the database firewall 248 may include a host usingone or more forms of reverse proxy services to proxy traffic beforepassing it to a gateway router. The database firewall 248 may inspectthe contents of database traffic and block certain content or databaserequests. The database firewall 248 may work on the SQL applicationlevel atop the TCP/IP stack, managing applications' connection to thedatabase or SQL management interfaces as well as intercepting andenforcing packets traveling to or from a database network or applicationinterface.

In some embodiments, communication with the database storage system 256may be conducted via the database switch 252. The multi-tenant databasesystem 256 may include more than one hardware and/or software componentsfor handling database queries. Accordingly, the database switch 252 maydirect database queries transmitted by other components of the on-demandservice environment (e.g., the pods 240 and 244) to the correctcomponents within the database storage system 256.

In some embodiments, the database storage system 256 is an on-demanddatabase system shared by many different organizations. The on-demanddatabase system may employ a multi-tenant approach, a virtualizedapproach, or any other type of database approach. An on-demand databasesystem is discussed in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.

FIG. 2B shows a system diagram illustrating the architecture of the pod244, in accordance with one embodiment. The pod 244 may be used torender services to a user of the on-demand service environment 200.

In some embodiments, each pod may include a variety of servers and/orother systems. The pod 244 includes one or more content batch servers264, content search servers 268, query servers 272, file force servers276, access control system (ACS) servers 280, batch servers 284, and appservers 288. Also, the pod 244 includes database instances 290, quickfile systems (QFS) 292, and indexers 294. In one or more embodiments,some or all communication between the servers in the pod 244 may betransmitted via the switch 236.

In some embodiments, the application servers 288 may include a hardwareand/or software framework dedicated to the execution of procedures(e.g., programs, routines, scripts) for supporting the construction ofapplications provided by the on-demand service environment 200 via thepod 244. Some such procedures may include operations for providing theservices described herein, such as performing the methods/processesdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 15-29. In alternativeembodiments, two or more app servers 288 may be included and cooperateto perform such methods, or one or more other servers in FIG. 2B can beconfigured to perform the disclosed methods described below.

The content batch servers 264 may requests internal to the pod. Theserequests may be long-running and/or not tied to a particular customer.For example, the content batch servers 264 may handle requests relatedto log mining, cleanup work, and maintenance tasks.

The content search servers 268 may provide query and indexer functions.For example, the functions provided by the content search servers 268may allow users to search through content stored in the on-demandservice environment.

The Fileforce servers 276 may manage requests information stored in theFileforce storage 278. The Fileforce storage 278 may store informationsuch as documents, images, and basic large objects (BLOBs). By managingrequests for information using the Fileforce servers 276, the imagefootprint on the database may be reduced.

The query servers 272 may be used to retrieve information from one ormore file systems. For example, the query system 272 may receiverequests for information from the app servers 288 and then transmitinformation queries to the NFS 296 located outside the pod.

The pod 244 may share a database instance 290 configured as amulti-tenant environment in which different organizations share accessto the same database. Additionally, services rendered by the pod 244 mayrequire various hardware and/or software resources. In some embodiments,the ACS servers 280 may control access to data, hardware resources, orsoftware resources.

In some embodiments, the batch servers 284 may process batch jobs, whichare used to run tasks at specified times. Thus, the batch servers 284may transmit instructions to other servers, such as the app servers 288,to trigger the batch jobs.

In some embodiments, the QFS 292 may be an open source file systemavailable from Sun Microsystems® of Santa Clara, Calif. The QFS mayserve as a rapid-access file system for storing and accessinginformation available within the pod 244. The QFS 292 may support somevolume management capabilities, allowing many disks to be groupedtogether into a file system. File system metadata can be kept on aseparate set of disks, which may be useful for streaming applicationswhere long disk seeks cannot be tolerated. Thus, the QFS system maycommunicate with one or more content search servers 268 and/or indexers294 to identify, retrieve, move, and/or update data stored in thenetwork file systems 296 and/or other storage systems.

In some embodiments, one or more query servers 272 may communicate withthe NFS 296 to retrieve and/or update information stored outside of thepod 244. The NFS 296 may allow servers located in the pod 244 to accessinformation to access files over a network in a manner similar to howlocal storage is accessed.

In some embodiments, queries from the query servers 222 may betransmitted to the NFS 296 via the load balancer 220, which maydistribute resource requests over various resources available in theon-demand service environment. The NFS 296 may also communicate with theQFS 292 to update the information stored on the NFS 296 and/or toprovide information to the QFS 292 for use by servers located within thepod 244.

In some embodiments, the pod may include one or more database instances290. The database instance 290 may transmit information to the QFS 292.When information is transmitted to the QFS, it may be available for useby servers within the pod 244 without requiring an additional databasecall.

In some embodiments, database information may be transmitted to theindexer 294. Indexer 294 may provide an index of information availablein the database 290 and/or QFS 292. The index information may beprovided to file force servers 276 and/or the QFS 292.

III. Tracking Updates to a Record Stored in a Database

As multiple users might be able to change the data of a record, it canbe useful for certain users to be notified when a record is updated.Also, even if a user does not have authority to change a record, theuser still might want to know when there is an update. For example, avendor may negotiate a new price with a salesperson of company X, wherethe salesperson is a user associated with tenant X. As part of creatinga new invoice or for accounting purposes, the salesperson can change theprice saved in the database. It may be important for co-workers to knowthat the price has changed. The salesperson could send an e-mail tocertain people, but this is onerous and the salesperson might not e-mailall of the people who need to know or want to know. Accordingly,embodiments can inform others (e.g. co-workers) who want to know aboutan update to a record automatically.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method 300 for tracking updates to a recordstored in a database system according to embodiments. In someembodiments, method 300 (and other methods described herein) may beimplemented at least partially with multi-tenant database system 16,e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieveinformation, process the information, store results, and the transmitthe results. In other embodiments, method 300 may be implemented atleast partially with a single tenant database system. In variousembodiments, steps may be omitted, combined, or split into additionalsteps for method 300, as well as for other methods described herein.

In step 310, the database system receives a request to update a firstrecord. In one embodiment, the request is received from a first user.For example, a user may be accessing a page associated with the firstrecord, and may change a displayed field and hit save. In anotherembodiment, the database system can automatically create the request.For instance, the database system can create the request in response toanother event, e.g., a request to change a field could be sentperiodically at a particular date and/or time of day, or a change toanother field or object. The database system can obtain a new valuebased on other fields of a record and/or based on parameters in thesystem.

The request for the update of a field of a record is an example of anevent associated with the first record for which a feed tracked updatemay be created. In other embodiments, the database system can identifyother events besides updates to fields of a record. For example, anevent can be a submission of approval to change a field. Such an eventcan also have an associated field (e.g., a field showing a status ofwhether a change has been submitted). Other examples of events caninclude creation of a record, deletion of a record, converting a recordfrom one type to another (e.g. converting a lead to an opportunity),closing a record (e.g. a case type record), and potentially any statechange of a record—any of which could include a field change associatedwith the state change. Any of these events update the record whether bychanging a field of the record, a state of the record, or some othercharacteristic or property of the record. In one embodiment, a list ofsupported events for creating a feed tracked update can be maintainedwithin the database system, e.g., at a server or in a database.

In step 320, the database system writes new data to the first record. Inone embodiment, the new data may include a new value that replaces olddata. For example, a field is updated with a new value. In anotherembodiment, the new data can be a value for a field that did not containdata before. In yet another embodiment, the new data could be a flag,e.g., for a status of the record, which can be stored as a field of therecord.

In some embodiments, a “field” can also include records that are childobjects of the first record. A child object itself can include furtherfields. Thus, if a field of a child object is updated with a new value,the parent record also can be considered to have a field changed. In oneexample, a field could be a list of related child objects, also called arelated list.

In step 330, a feed tracked update is generated about the update to therecord. In one embodiment, the feed tracked update is created in partsfor assembling later into a display version. For example, event entriescan be created and tracked in one table, and changed field entries canbe tracked in another table that is cross-referenced with the firsttable. More specifics of such embodiments are provided later, e.g., withrespect to FIG. 9A. In another embodiment, the feed tracked update isautomatically generated by the database system. The feed tracked updatecan convey in words that the first record has been updated and providedetails about what was updated in the record and who performed theupdate. In some embodiments, a feed tracked update is generated for onlycertain types of event and/or updates associated with the first record.

In one embodiment, a tenant (e.g. through an administrator) canconfigure the database system to create (enable) feed tracked updatesonly for certain types of records. For example, an administrator canspecify that records of type Account and Opportunity are enabled. Whenan update (or other event) is received for the enabled record type, thena feed tracked update would be generated. In another embodiment, atenant can also specify the fields of a record whose changes are to betracked, and for which feed tracked updates are created. In one aspect,a maximum number of fields can be specified for tracking, and mayinclude custom fields. In one implementation, the type of change canalso be specified, for example, that the value change of a field isrequired to be larger than a threshold (e.g. an absolute amount or apercentage change). In yet another embodiment, a tenant can specifywhich events are to cause a generation of a feed tracked update. Also,in one implementation, individual users can specify configurationsspecific to them, which can create custom feeds as described in moredetail below.

In one embodiment, changes to fields of a child object are not trackedto create feed tracked updates for the parent record. In anotherembodiment, the changes to fields of a child object can be tracked tocreate feed tracked updates for the parent record. For example, a childobject of the parent type can be specified for tracking, and certainfields of the child object can be specified for tracking. As anotherexample, if the child object is of a type specified for tracking, then atracked change for the child object is propagated to parent records ofthe child object.

In step 340, the feed tracked update is added to a feed for the firstrecord. In one embodiment, adding the feed tracked update to a feed caninclude adding events to a table (which may be specific to a record orbe for all or a group of objects), where a display version of a feedtracked update can be performed dynamically when a user requests a feedfor the first record. In another embodiment, a display version of a feedtracked update can be added when a record feed is stored and maintainedfor a record. As mentioned above, a feed may be maintained for onlycertain records. In one implementation, the feed of a record can bestored in the database associated with the feed. For example, the feedcan be stored as a field (e.g. as a child object) of the record. Such afield can store a pointer to the text to be displayed for the feedtracked update.

In some embodiments, only the current feed tracked update (or othercurrent feed item) may be kept or temporarily stored, e.g., in sometemporary memory structure. For example, a feed tracked update for onlya most recent change to any particular field is kept. In otherembodiments, many previous feed tracked updates may be kept in the feed.A time and/or date for each feed tracked update can be tracked. Herein,a feed of a record is also referred to as an entity feed, as a record isan instance of a particular entity object of the database.

In step 350, followers of the first record can be identified. A followeris a user following (subscribing to a feed) of the first record. In oneembodiment, when a user requests a feed of a particular record such anidentification need not be done. In another embodiment where a recordfeed is pushed to a user (e.g. as part of a news feed), then the usercan be identified as a follower of the first record. Accordingly, thisstep can be the identification of records and other objects beingfollowed by a particular user.

In one embodiment, the database system can store a list of the followersfor a particular record. In various implementations, the list can bestored with the first record or associated with the record using anidentifier (e.g. a pointer) to retrieve the list. For example, the listcan be stored in a field of the first record. In another embodiment, alist of the records that a user is following is used. In oneimplementation, the database system can have a routine that runs foreach user, where the routine polls the records in the list to determineif a new feed tracked update has been added to a feed of the record. Inanother implementation, the routine for the user can be running at leastpartially on a user device, which contacts the database to perform thepolling.

In step 360, the feed tracked update is added to a feed of eachfollower. In one embodiment, the feed tracked update is pushed to thefeed of a user, e.g., by a routine that determines the followers for therecord from a list associated with the record. In another embodiment,the feed tracked update is pulled to a feed, e.g., by a user device.This pulling may occur when a user requests the feed, as occurs in step370. Thus, these actions may occur in a different order. The creation ofthe feed for a pull may be a dynamic creation that identifies recordsbeing followed by the requesting user, generates the display version ofrelevant feed tracked updates from stored information (e.g. event andfield change), and adds the feed tracked updates into the feed. A feedof feed tracked updates of records and other objects that a user isfollowing is also called a news feed.

In yet another embodiment, the feed tracked update could be sent as ane-mail to the follower, instead of in a feed. In one implementation,e-mail alerts for events can enable people to be e-mailed when certainevents occur. In another implementation, e-mails can be sent when thereare posts on a user profile and posts on entities to which the usersubscribes. In one implementation, a user can turn on/off email alertsfor all or some events. In an embodiment, a user can specify what kindof feed tracked updates to receive about a record that the user isfollowing. For example, a user can choose to only receive feed trackedupdates about certain fields of a record that the user is following, andpotentially about what kind of update was performed (e.g. a new valueinput into a specified field, or the creation of a new field).

In step 370, a follower can access his/her news feed to see the feedtracked update. In one embodiment, the user has just one news feed forall of the records that the user is following. In one aspect, a user canaccess his/her own feed by selecting a particular tab or other object ona page of an interface to the database system. Once selected the feedcan be provided as a list, e.g., with an identifier (e.g. a time) orincluding some or all of the text of the feed tracked update. In anotherembodiment, the user can specify how the feed tracked updates are to bedisplayed and/or sent to the user. For example, a user can specify afont for the text, a location of where the feed can be selected anddisplayed, amount of text to be displayed, and other text or symbols tobe displayed (e.g. importance flags).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram 400 of components of a database systemperforming a method for tracking an update to a record according toembodiments. Block diagram 400 can perform embodiments of method 300, aswell as embodiments of other method described herein.

A first user 405 sends a request 1 to update record 425 in databasesystem 416. Although an update request is described, other events thatare being tracked are equally applicable. In various embodiments, therequest 1 can be sent via a user interface (e.g. 30 of FIG. 1B) or anapplication program interface (e.g. API 32). An I/O port 420 canaccommodate the signals of request 1 via any input interface, and sendthe signals to one or more processors 417. The processor 417 can analyzethe request and determine actions to be performed. Herein, any referenceto a processor 417 can refer to a specific processor or any set ofprocessors in database system 416, which can be collectively referred toas processor 417.

Processor 417 can determine an identifier for record 425, and sendcommands 2 with the new data to record database 412 to update record425. In one embodiment, record database 412 is where tenant data 112 isstored. The request 1 and new data commands 2 can be encapsulated in asingle write transaction sent to record database 412. In one embodiment,multiple changes to records in the database can be made in a singlewrite transaction.

Processor 417 can also analyze request 1 to determine whether a feedtracked update is to be created, which at this point may includedetermining whether the event (e.g. a change to a particular field) isto be tracked. This determination can be based on an interaction (i.e.an exchange of data) with record database 412 and/or other databases, orbased on information stored locally (e.g. in cache or RAM) at processor417. In one embodiment, a list of record types that are being trackedcan be stored. The list may be different for each tenant, e.g. as eachtenant may configure the database system to their own specifications.Thus, if the record 425 is of a type not being tracked, then thedetermination of whether to create a feed tracked update can stop there.

The same list or a second list (which can be stored in a same locationor a different location) can also include the fields and/or events thatare tracked for the record types in the first list. This list can besearched to determine if the event is being tracked. A list may alsocontain information having the granularity of listing specific recordsthat are to be tracked (e.g. if a tenant can specify the particularrecords to be tracked, as opposed to just type).

As an example, processor 417 may obtain an identifier associated withrecord 425 (e.g. obtained from request 1 or database 412), potentiallyalong with a tenant identifier, and cross-reference the identifier witha list of records for which feed tracked updates are to be created.Specifically, the record identifier can be used to determine the recordtype and a list of tracked types can be searched for a match. Thespecific record may also be checked if such individual record trackingwas enabled. The name of the field to be changed can also be used tosearch a list of tracking-enabled fields. Other criteria besides fieldand events can be used to determine whether a feed tracked update iscreated, e.g., type of change in the field. If a feed tracked update isto be generated, processor 417 can then generate the feed trackedupdate.

In some embodiments, a feed tracked update is created dynamically when afeed (e.g. the entity feed of record 425) is requested. Thus, in oneimplementation, a feed tracked update can be created when a userrequests the entity feed for record 425. In this embodiment, the feedtracked update may be created (e.g. assembled), including re-created,each time the entity feed is to be displayed to any user. In oneimplementation, one or more hifeed tracked update tables can keep trackof previous events so that the feed tracked update can be re-created.

In another embodiment, a feed tracked update can be created at the timethe event occurs, and the feed tracked update can be added to a list offeed items. The list of feed items may be specific to record 425, or maybe an aggregate of feed items including feed items for many records.Such an aggregate list can include a record identifier so that the feeditems for the entity feed of record 425 can be easily retrieved. Forexample, after the feed tracked update has been generated, processor 417can add the new feed tracked update 3 to a feed of record 425. Asmentioned above, in one embodiment, the feed can be stored in a field(e.g. as a child object) of record 425. In another embodiment, the feedcan be stored in another location or in another database, but with alink (e.g. a connecting identifier) to record 425. The feed can beorganized in various ways, e.g., as a linked list, an array, or otherdata structure.

A second user 430 can access the new feed tracked update 3 in variousways. In one embodiment, second user 430 can send a request 4 for therecord feed. For example, second user 430 can access a home page (detailpage) of the record 425 (e.g. with a query or by browsing), and the feedcan be obtained through a tab, button, or other activation object on thepage. The feed can be displayed on the screen or downloaded.

In another embodiment, processor 417 can add the new feed tracked updatein a step 5 to a feed (e.g. a news feed) of a user that is followingrecord 425. In one implementation, processor 417 can determine each ofthe followers of record 425 by accessing a list of the users that havebeen registered as followers. This determination can be done for eachnew event (e.g. update 1). In another implementation, processor 417 canpoll (e.g. with a query) the records that second user 430 is followingto determine when new feed tracked updates (or other feed items) areavailable. Processor 417 can use a follower profile 435 of second user430, which can contain a list of the records that the second user 430 isfollowing. Such a list can be contained in other parts of the databaseas well. Second user 430 can then send a request 6 to his/her profile435 to obtain a feed, which contains the new feed tracked update. Theuser's profile 435 can be stored in a profile database 414, which can bethe same or different than database 412.

In some embodiments, a user can define a news feed to include new feedtracked updates from various records, which may be limited to a maximumnumber. In one embodiment, each user has one news feed. In anotherembodiment, the follower profile 435 can include the specifications ofeach of the records to be followed (with the criteria for what feedtracked updates are to be provided and how they are displayed), as wellas the feed.

Some embodiments can provide various types of record (entity) feeds.Entity Feeds can exist for records like Account, Opportunity, Case, andContact. An entity feed can tell a user about the actions that peoplehave taken on that particular record or on one its related records. Theentity feed can include who made the action, which field was changed,and the old and new values. In one embodiment, entity feeds can exist onall supported records as a list that is linked to the specific record.For example, a feed could be stored in a field that allows lists (e.g.linked lists) or as a child object.

IV. Tracking Actions of a User

In addition to knowing about events associated with a particular record,it can be helpful for a user to know what a particular user is doing. Inparticular, it might be nice to know what the user is doing without theuser having to generate the feed tracked update (e.g. a user submittinga synopsis of what the user has done). Accordingly, embodiments canautomatically track actions of a user that trigger events, and feedtracked updates can be generated for certain events.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for tracking actions of a user ofa database system according to embodiments. Method 500 may be performedin addition to method 300. The methods of implementing method 300,including order of steps, can also be applied to method 500 and othermethods described herein. Thus, a feed can be composed of changes to arecord and actions of users.

In step 510, a database system (e.g. 16) identifies an action of a firstuser. In one embodiment, the action triggers an event, and the event isidentified. For example, the action of a user requesting an update to arecord can be identified, where the event is receiving a request or isthe resulting update of a record. The action may thus be defined by theresulting event. In another embodiment, only certain types of actions(events) are identified. Which actions are identified can be set as adefault or can be configurable by a tenant, or even configurable at auser level. In this way, processing effort can be reduced since onlysome actions are identified.

In step 520, it is determined whether the event qualifies for a feedtracked update. In one embodiment, a predefined list of events (e.g. asmentioned herein) can be created so that only certain actions areidentified. In one embodiment, an administrator (or other user) of atenant can specify the type of actions (events) for which a feed trackedupdate is to be generated. This step may also be performed for method300.

In step 530, a feed tracked update is generated about the action. In anexample where the action is an update of a record, the feed trackedupdate can be similar or the same as the feed tracked update created forthe record. The description can be altered though to focus on the useras opposed to the record. For example, “John D. has closed a newopportunity for account XYZ” as opposed to “an opportunity has beenclosed for account XYZ.”

In step 540, the feed tracked update is added to a profile feed of thefirst user. In one embodiment, a feed for a particular user can beaccessed on a page of the user's profile, in a similar manner as arecord feed can be accessed on a detail page of the record. In anotherembodiment, the first user may not have a profile feed and the feedtracked update may just be stored temporarily before proceeding. Aprofile feed of a user can be stored associated with the user's profile.This profile feed can be added to a news feed of another user.

In step 550, followers of the first user are identified. In oneembodiment, a user can specify which type of actions other users canfollow. Similarly, in one implementation, a follower can select whatactions by a user the follower wants to follow. In an embodiment wheredifferent followers follow different types of actions, which users arefollowers of that user and the particular action can be identified,e.g., using various lists that track what actions and criteria are beingfollowed by a particular user. In various embodiments, the followers ofthe first user can be identified in a similar manner as followers of arecord, as described above for step 350.

In step 560, the feed tracked update is added to a news feed of eachfollower of the first user. The feed tracked update can be added in asimilar manner as the feed items for a record feed. The news feed cancontain feed tracked updates both about users and records. In anotherembodiment, a user can specify what kind of feed tracked updates toreceive about a user that the user is following. For example, a usercould specify feed tracked updates with particular keywords, of certaintypes of records, of records owned or created by certain users,particular fields, and other criteria as mentioned herein.

In step 570, a follower accesses the news feed and sees the feed trackedupdate. In one embodiment, the user has just one news feed for all ofthe records that the user is following. In another embodiment, a usercan access his/her own feed (i.e. feed about his/her own actions) byselecting a particular tab or other object on a page of an interface tothe database system. Thus, a feed can include feed tracked updates aboutwhat other users are doing in the database system. When a user becomesaware of a relevant action of another user, the user can contact theco-worker, thereby fostering teamwork.

V. Generation of a Feed Tracked Update

As described above, some embodiments can generate text describing events(e.g. updates) that have occurred for a record and actions by a userthat trigger an event. A database system can be configured to generatethe feed tracked updates for various events in various ways.

A. Which Events to Generate a Feed Tracked Update

In a database system, there are various events that can be detected.However, the operator of the database system and/or a tenant may notwant to detect every possible event as this could be costly with regardsto performance. Accordingly, the operator and/or the tenant canconfigure the database system to only detect certain events. Forexample, an update of a record may be an event that is to be detected.

Out of the events that are detected, a tenant (including a specific userof the tenant) may not want a feed tracked update about each detectedevent. For example, all updates to a record may be identified at a firstlevel. Then, based on specifications of an administrator and/or aspecific user of a tenant, another level of inquiry can be made as towhether a feed tracked update is to be generated about the detectedevent. For example, the events that qualify for a feed tracked updatecan be restricted to changes for only certain fields of the record,which can differ depending on which user is receiving the feed. In oneembodiment, a database system can track whether an event qualifies for afeed tracked update for any user, and once the feed tracked update isgenerated, it can be determined who is to receive the feed trackedupdate.

Supported events (events for which a feed tracked update is generated)can include actions for standard fields, custom fields, and standardrelated lists. Regarding standard fields, for the entity feed and theprofile feed, a standard field update can trigger a feed tracked updateto be published to that feed. In one embodiment, which standard fieldcan create a feed tracked update can be set by an administrator to bethe same for every user. In another embodiment, a user can set whichstandard fields create a feed tracked update for that user's news feed.Custom fields can be treated the same or differently than standardfields.

The generation of a feed item can also depend on a relationship of anobject to other objects (e.g. parent-child relationships). For example,if a child object is updated, a feed tracked update may be written to afeed of a parent of the child object. The level of relationship can beconfigured, e.g., only 1 level of separation (i.e. nograndparent-grandchild relationship). Also, in one embodiment, a feedtracked update is generated only for objects above the objects beingupdated, i.e., a feed tracked update is not written for a child when theparent is updated.

In some embodiments, for related lists of a record, a feed trackedupdate is written to its parent record (1 level only) when the relatedlist item is added, and not when the list item is changed or deleted.For example: user A added a new opportunity XYZ for account ABC. In thismanner, entity feeds can be controlled so as not to be cluttered withfeed tracked updates about changes to their related items. Any changesto the related list item can be tracked on their own entity feed, ifthat related list item has a feed on it. In this embodiment, if a userwants to see a feed of the related list item then the user can subscribeto it. Such a subscription might be when a user cares about a specificopportunity related to a specific account. A user can also browse tothat object's entity feed. Other embodiments can create a feed trackedupdate when a related entity is changed or deleted.

In one embodiment, an administrator (of the system or of a specifictenant) can define which events of which related objects are to havefeed tracked updates written about them in a parent record. In anotherembodiment, a user can define which related object events to show. Inone implementation, there are two types of related lists of relatedobjects: first class lookup and second class lookup. Each of the recordsin the related lists can have a different rule for whether a feedtracked update is generated for a parent record. Each of these relatedlists can be composed as custom related lists. In various embodiments, acustom related list can be composed of custom objects, the lists cancontain a variety of records or items (e.g. not restricted to aparticular type of record or item), and can be displayed in a customizedmanner.

In one embodiment, a first class lookup contains records of a childrecord that can exist by itself. For example, the contacts on an accountexist as a separate record and also as a child record of the account. Inanother embodiment, a record in a first class lookup can have its ownfeed, which can be displayed on its detail page.

In one embodiment, a second class lookup can have line items existingonly in the context of their parent record (e.g. activities on anopportunity, contact roles on opportunity/contact). In oneimplementation, the line items are not objects themselves, and thusthere is no detail page, and no place to put a feed. In anotherimplementation, a change in a second class lookup can be reported on thefeed of the parent.

Some embodiments can also create feed tracked updates for dependentfield changes. A dependent field change is a field that changes valuewhen another field changes, and thus the field has a value that isdependent on the value of the other field. For example, a dependentfield might be a sum (or other formula) that totals values in otherfields, and thus the dependent field would change when one of the fieldsbeing summed changes. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a change in onefield could create feed tracked updates for multiple fields. In otherembodiments, feed tracked updates are not created for dependent fields.

B. How the Feed Tracked Update is Generated

After it is determined that a feed tracked update is going to begenerated, some embodiments can also determine how the feed trackedupdate is generated. In one embodiment, different methods can be usedfor different events, e.g., in a similar fashion as for theconfigurability of which events feed tracked updates are generated. Afeed tracked update can also include a description of multiple events(e.g. john changed the account status and amount).

In one embodiment, the feed tracked update is a grammatical sentence,thereby being easily understandable by a person. In another embodiment,the feed tracked update provides detailed information about the update.In various examples, an old value and new value for a field may beincluded in the feed tracked update, an action for the update may beprovided (e.g. submitted for approval), and the names of particularusers that are responsible for replying or acting on the feed trackedupdate may be also provided. The feed tracked update can also have alevel of importance based on settings chosen by the administrator, aparticular user requesting an update, or by a following user who is toreceive the feed tracked update, which fields is updated, a percentageof the change in a field, the type of event, or any combination of thesefactors.

The system may have a set of heuristics for creating a feed trackedupdate from the event (e.g. a request to update). For example, thesubject may be the user, the record, or a field being added or changed.The verb can be based on the action requested by the user, which can beselected from a list of verbs (which may be provided as defaults orinput by an administrator of a tenant). In one embodiment, feed trackedupdates can be generic containers with formatting restrictions,

As an example of a creation of a new record, “Mark Abramowitz created anew Opportunity IBM-20,000 laptops with Amount as $3.5 M and SamPalmisano as Decision Maker.” This event can be posted to the profilefeed for Mark Abramowitz and the entity feed for record of Opportunityfor IBM-20,000 laptops. The pattern can be given by (AgentFullName)created a new (ObjectName)(RecordName) with [(FieldName) as (FieldValue)[, / and] ]*[[added/changed/removed] (RelatedListRecordName) [as/to/as](RelatedListRecordValue) [, / and] ]*. Similar patterns can be formedfor a changed field (standard or custom) and an added child record to arelated list.

VI. Tracking Commentary from or about a User

Some embodiments can also have a user submit text, instead of thedatabase system generating a feed tracked update. As the text issubmitted by users, the text (also referred generally as messages) canbe about any topic. Thus, more information than just actions of a userand events of a record can be conveyed. In one embodiment, the messagescan be used to ask a question about a particular record, and usersfollowing the record can provide responses (comments).

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 600 for creating a news feed thatincludes messages associated with a first user according to embodiments.In one embodiment, method 600 can be combined with methods 300 and 500.In one aspect, a message can be associated with the first user when thefirst user creates the message (e.g. a post or comment about a record oranother user). In another aspect, a message can be associated with thefirst user when the message is about the first user (e.g. posted byanother user on the first user's profile feed).

In step 610, database system receives a message (e.g. a post or status)associated with a first user. The message (e.g. a post or status update)can contain text submitted by another user or by the first user. In oneembodiment, a post is for a section of the first user's profile whereany user can add a post, and where multiple posts can exist. Thus, apost can appear on the first user's profile and can be viewed when thefirst user's profile is visited. For a message about a record, the postcan appear on a detail page of a record. Note the message can appear inother feeds as well. In another embodiment, a status update about thefirst user can only be added by the first user. In one implementation, auser can only have one status message.

In step 620, the message is added to a profile of the first user. In oneimplementation, the message can be added to a profile feed of the firstuser, which is associated (e.g. as a related list) with the first user'sprofile. In one embodiment, the posts are listed indefinitely. Inanother embodiment, only the most recent posts (e.g. last 50) are keptin the profile feed. Such embodiments can also be employed with feedtracked updates. In yet another embodiment, the message can be added toa profile of the user adding the message.

In step 630, database system identifies followers of the first user. Inone embodiment, the database system can identify the followers asdescribed above for method 500. In various embodiments, a follower canselect to follow a feed about the actions of the first user, messagesabout the first user, or both (potentially in a same feed).

In step 640, the message is added to a news feed of each follower. Inone embodiment, the message is only added to a news feed of a particularfollower if the message matches some criteria, e.g., the messageincludes a particular keyword or other criteria. In another embodiment,a message can be deleted by the user who created the message. In oneimplementation, once deleted by the author, the message is deleted fromall feeds to which the message had been added.

In step 650, the follower accesses a news feed and sees the message. Forexample, the follower can access a news feed on the user's own profilepage. As another example, the follower can have a news feed sent tohis/her own desktop without having to first go to a home page.

In step 660, database system receives a comment about the message. Thedatabase system can add the comment to a feed of the same first user,much as the original message was added. In one embodiment, the commentcan also be added to a feed of the user adding the comment. In oneimplementation, users can also reply to the comment. In anotherembodiment, users can add comments to a feed tracked update, and furthercomments can be associated with the feed tracked update. In yet anotherembodiment, making a comment or message is not an action to which a feedtracked update is created. Thus, the message may be the only feed itemcreated from such an action.

In one implementation, if a feed tracked update (or post) is deleted,its corresponding comments are deleted as well. In another embodiment,new comments on a feed tracked update (or post) do not update the feedtracked update timestamp. Also, the feed tracked update or post cancontinue to be shown in a feed (profile feed, record feed, or news feed)if it has had a comment within a specified timeframe (e.g. within thelast week). Otherwise, the feed tracked update (post) can be removed inan embodiment.

In some embodiments, all or most feed tracked updates can be commentedon. In other embodiments, feed tracked updates for certain records (e.g.cases or ideas) are not commentable. In various embodiments, commentscan be made for any one or more records of opportunities, accounts,contacts, leads, and custom objects.

In step 670, the comment is added to a news feed of each follower. Inone embodiment, a user can make the comment within the user's news feed.Such a comment can propagate to the appropriate profile feed or recordfeed, and then to the news feeds of the following users. Thus, feeds caninclude what people are saying, as well as what they are doing. In oneaspect, feeds are a way to stay up-to-date (e.g. on users,opportunities, etc.) as well as an opportunity to reach out to your coworkers/partners and engage them around common goals.

In some embodiments, users can rate feed tracked updates or messages(including comments). A user can choose to prioritize a display of afeed so that higher rated feed items show up higher on a display. Forexample, in an embodiment where comments are answers to a specificquestion, users can rate the different status posts so that a bestanswer can be identified. As another example, users are able to quicklyidentify feed items that are most important as those feed items can bedisplayed at a top of a list. The order of the feed items can be basedon an importance level (which can be determined by the database systemusing various factors, some of which are mentioned herein) and based ona rating from users. In one embodiment, the rating is on a scale thatincludes at least 3 values. In another embodiment, the rating is basedon a binary scale.

Besides a profile for a user, a group can also be created. In variousembodiments, the group can be created based on certain criteria that arecommon to the users, can be created by inviting users, or can be createdby receiving requests to join from a user. In one embodiment, a groupfeed can be created, with messages being added to the group feed whensomeone adds a message to the group as a whole. For example, a grouppage may have a section for posts. In another embodiment, a message canbe added to a group feed when a message is added about any one of themembers. In yet another embodiment, a group feed can include feedtracked updates about actions of the group as a whole (e.g. when anadministrator changes data in a group profile or a record owned by thegroup), or about actions of an individual member.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a group feed on a group page according toembodiments. As shown, a feed item 710 shows that a user has posted adocument to the group object. The text “Bill Bauer has posted thedocument Competitive Insights” can be generated by the database systemin a similar manner as feed tracked updates about a record beingchanged. A feed item 720 shows a post to the group, along with comments730.

FIG. 8 shows an example of a record feed containing a feed trackedupdate, post, and comments according to embodiments. Feed item 810 showsa feed tracked update based on the event of submitting a discount forapproval. Other feed items show posts that are made to the record andcomments that are made on the posts.

VII. Infrastructure for a Feed

A. Tables Used to Create a Feed

FIG. 9A shows a plurality of tables that may be used in tracking eventsand creating feeds according to embodiments. The tables of FIG. 9A mayhave entries added, or potentially removed, as part of tracking eventsin the database from which feed items are creates or that correspond tofeed items. In one embodiment, each tenant has its own set of tablesthat are created based on criteria provided by the tenant.

An event hifeed tracked update table 910 can provide a hifeed trackedupdate of events from which feed items are created. In one aspect, theevents are for objects that are being tracked. Thus, table 910 can storechange hifeed tracked updates for feeds, and the changes can bepersisted. In various embodiments, event hifeed tracked update table 910can have columns of event ID 911, object ID 912 (also called parent ID),and created by ID 913. The event ID 911 can uniquely identify aparticular event and can start at 1 (or other number or value).

Each new event can be added chronologically with a new event ID, whichmay be incremented in order. An object ID 912 can be used to track whichrecord or user's profile is being changed. For example, the object IDcan correspond to the record whose field is being changed or the userwhose feed is receiving a post. The created by ID 913 can track the userwho is performing the action that results in the event, e.g., the userthat is changing the field or that is posting a message to the profileof another user.

In some other embodiments, event hifeed tracked update table 910 canhave one or more of the following variables with certain attributes:ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKEDUPDATED_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), PARENT_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE),CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being a variable of typeDATE, DIVISION being a NUMBER, KEY_PREFIX being CHAR(3 BYTE), andDELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE). The parent ID can provide an ID of a parentobject in case the change is promulgated to the parent. The key prefixcan provide a key that is unique to a group of records, e.g. customrecords (objects). The deleted variable can indicate that the feed itemsfor the event are deleted, and thus the feed items are not generated. Inone embodiment, the variables for each event entry or any entry in anyof the tables may not be nullable. In another embodiment, all entries inthe event hifeed tracked update table 910 are used to create feed itemsfor only one object, as specified by the object ID 912. For example, onefeed tracked update cannot communicate updates on two records, such asupdates of an account field and an opportunity field.

In one embodiment, a name of an event can also be stored in table 910.In one implementation, a tenant can specify events that they wanttracked. In an embodiment, event hifeed tracked update table 910 caninclude the name of the field that changed (e.g. old and new values). Inanother embodiment, the name of the field, and the values, are stored ina separate table. Other information about an event (e.g. text ofcomment, feed tracked update, post or status update) can be stored inevent hifeed tracked update table 910, or in other tables, as is nowdescribed.

A field change table 920 can provide a hifeed tracked update of thechanges to the fields. The columns of table 920 can include an event ID921 (which correlates to the event ID 911), an old value 922 for thefield, and the new value 923 for the field. In one embodiment, if anevent changes more than one field value, then there can be an entry foreach field changed. As shown, event ID 921 has two entries for eventE37.

In some other embodiments, field change table 920 can have one or moreof the following variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_IDbeing CHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKED UPDATE_FIELDS_ID beingCHAR(15 BYTE) and identifying each entry, FEEDS_ENTITY_HIFEED TRACKEDUPDATE_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), FIELD_KEY being VARCHAR2(120 BYTE),DATA_TYPE being CHAR(1 BYTE), OLDVAL_STRING VARCHAR2 being (765 BYTE),NEWVAL_STRING being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), OLDVAL_FIRST_NAME beingVARCHAR2(765 BYTE), NEWVAL_FIRST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE),OLDVAL_LAST_NAME being VARCHAR2(765 BYTE), NEWVAL_LAST_NAME beingVARCHAR2 (765 BYTE), OLDVAL_NUMBER being NUMBER, NEWVAL_NUMBER beingNUMBER, OLDVAL_DATE being DATE, NEWVAL_DATE being DATE, and DELETEDbeing CHAR(1 BYTE). In one embodiment, one or more of the variables foreach entry in any of the tables may be nullable.

In one embodiment, the data type variable (and/or other variables) is anon-api-insertable field. In another embodiment, variable values can bederived from the record whose field is being changed. Certain values canbe transferred into typed columns old/new value string, old/new valuenumber or old/new value date depending upon the derived values. Inanother embodiment, there can exist a data type for capturingadd/deletes for child objects. The child ID can be tracked in theforeign-key column of the record. In yet another embodiment, if thefield name is pointing to a field in the parent entity, a field levelsecurity (FLS) can be used when a user attempts to a view a relevantfeed item. Herein, security levels for objects and fields are alsocalled access checks and determinations of authorization. In one aspect,the access can be for create, read, write, update, or delete of objects.

In one embodiment, the field name (or key) can be either a field name ofthe entity or one of the values in a separate list. For example, changesthat do not involve the update of an existing field (e.g. a close oropen) can have a field name specified in an enumerated list. Thisenumerated list can store “special” field name sentinel values fornon-update actions that a tenant wants to track. In one aspect, the APIjust surfaces these values and the caller has to check the enumeratedvalues to see if it is a special field name.

A comment table 930 can provide a hifeed tracked update of the commentsmade regarding an event, e.g., a comment on a post or a change of afield value. The columns of table 930 can include an event ID 921 (whichcorrelates to the event ID 911), the comment column 932 that stores thetext of the comment, and the time/date 933 of the comment. In oneembodiment, there can be multiple comments for each event. As shown,event ID 921 has two entries for event E37.

In some other embodiments, comment table 930 can have one or more of thefollowing variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID beingCHAR(15 BYTE), FEEDS_COMMENTS_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE) and uniquelyidentifying each comment, PARENT_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BYbeing CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being DATE, COMMENTS being VARCHAR2(420 BYTE), and DELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE).

A user subscription table 940 can provide a list of the objects beingfollowed (subscribed) by a user. In one embodiment, each entry has auser ID 941 of the user doing the following and one object ID 942corresponding to the object being followed. In one implementation, theobject being followed can be a record or a user. As shown, the user withID U819 is following object IDs O615 and O489. If user U819 is followingother objects, then additional entries may exist for user U819. Also asshown, user U719 is also following object O615. The user subscriptiontable 940 can be updated when a user adds or deletes an object that isbeing followed.

In some other embodiments, comment table 940 can be composed of twotables (one for records being followed and one for users beingfollowed). One table can have one or more of the following variableswith certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE),ENTITY_SUBSCRIPTION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), PARENT_ID being CHAR(15BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_DATE being DATE, andDELETED being CHAR(1 BYTE). Another table can have one or more of thefollowing variables with certain attributes: ORGANIZATION_ID beingCHAR(15 BYTE), USER_SUBSCRIPTION_ID being CHAR(15 BYTE), USER_ID beingCHAR(15 BYTE), CREATED_BY being CHAR(15 BYTE), and CREATED_DATE beingDATE.

In one embodiment, regarding a profile feed and a news feed, these areread-only views on the event hifeed tracked update table 910 specializedfor these feed types. Conceptually the news feed can be a semi-joinbetween the entity subscriptions table 940 and the event hifeed trackedupdate table 910 on the object IDs 912 and 942 for the user. In oneaspect, these entities can have polymorphic parents and can be subjectto a number of restrictions detailed herein, e.g., to limit the cost ofsharing checks.

In one embodiment, entity feeds are modeled in the API as a feedassociate entity (e.g. AccountFeed, CaseFeed etc). A feed associateentity includes information composed of events (e.g. event IDs) for onlyone particular record type. Such a list can limit the query (and sharingchecks) to a specific record type. In one aspect, this structuring ofthe entity feeds can make the query run faster. For example, a requestfor a feed of a particular account can include the record type ofaccount. In one implementation, an account feed table can then besearched, where the table has account record IDs and corresponding eventIDs or pointers to particular event entries in event hifeed trackedupdate table 910. Since the account feed table only contains some of therecords (not all), the query can run faster.

In one embodiment, there may be objects with no events listed in theevent hifeed tracked update table 910, even though the record is beingtracked. In this case, the database service can return a resultindicating that no feed items exist.

In another embodiment, tables can also exist for audit tracking, e.g.,to examine that operations of the system (e.g. access checks) areperforming accurately. In one embodiment, audit change-hifeed trackedupdate tables can be persisted (e.g. in bulk) synchronously in the sametransaction as feed events are added to event hifeed tracked updatetable 910. In another embodiment, entries to the two sets of table canbe persisted in asynchronous manner (e.g. by forking a bulk update intoa separate java thread). In one aspect, some updates to any of thetables can get lost if the instance of the table goes down while theupdate has not yet finished. This asynchronous manner can limit animpact performance on save operations. In some embodiments, a field“persistence type” (tri state: AUDIT, FEEDS or BOTH) can be added tocapture user preferences, as opposed to being hardcoded.

B. Feed Item

A feed item can represent an individual field change of a record,creation and deletion of a record, or other events being tracked for arecord or a user. In one embodiment, all of the feed items in a singletransaction (event) can be grouped together and have the same event ID.A single transaction relates to the operations that can be performed ina single communication with the database. In another embodiment where afeed is an object of the database, a feed item can be a child of aprofile feed, news feed, or entity feed. If a feed item is added tomultiple feeds, the feed item can be replicated as a child of each feedto which the feed item is added.

In one implementation, a feed item is visible only when its parent feedis visible, which can be the same as needing read access on the feed'sparent (which can be by the type of record or by a specific record). Thefeed item's field may be only visible when allowed under field-levelsecurity (FLS). Unfortunately, this can mean that the parent feed may bevisible, but the child may not be because of FLS. Such access rules aredescribed in more detail below. In one embodiment, a feed item can beread-only. In this embodiment, after being created, the feed item cannotbe changed.

In multi-currency organizations, a feed item can have an extra currencycode field. This field can give the currency code for the currency valuein this field. In one aspect, the value is undefined when the data typeis anything other than currency.

C. Feed Comment

In some embodiments, a comment exists as an item that depends from feedtracked updates, posts, status updates, and other items that areindependent of each other. Thus, a feed comment object can exist as achild object of a feed item object. For example, comment table 930 canbe considered a child table of event hifeed tracked update table 910. Inone embodiment, a feed comment can be a child of a profile feed, newsfeed, or entity feed that is separate from other feed items.

In various embodiments, a feed comment can have various permissions forthe following actions. For read permission, a feed comment can bevisible if the parent feed is visible. For create permission, if a userhas access to the feed (which can be tracked by the ID of the parentfeed), the user can add a comment. For delete, only a user with modifyall data permission or a user who added the comment can delete thecomment. Also delete permission can require access on the parent feed.An update of a comment can be restricted, and thus not be allowed.

In one embodiment, regarding a query restriction, a feed comment cannotbe queried directly, but can be queried only via the parent feed. Anexample is “select id, parentid, (select . . . from feedcomment) fromentityfeed”. In another embodiment, a feed comment can be directlyqueries, e.g., by querying comment table 930. A query could include thetext of a comment or any other column of the table.

In another embodiment, regarding soft delete behavior, a feed commenttable does not have a soft delete column. A soft delete allows anundelete action. In one implementation, a record can have a soft delete.Thus, when the record is deleted, the feed (and its children) can besoft deleted. Therefore, in one aspect, a feed comment cannot beretrieved via the “query” verb (which would retrieve only the comment),but can be retrieved via “queryAll” verb though. An example is queryAll(“select id, (select id, commentbody from feedcomments) from accountfeedwhere parentid=‘001x000xxx3MkADAA0’”); // where ‘001x000xxx3MkADAA0’ hasbeen soft deleted. When a hard delete (a physical delete) happens, thecomment can be hard deleted from the database.

In one embodiment, regarding an implicit delete, feeds with comments arenot deleted by a reaper (a routine that performs deletion). In anotherembodiment, a user cannot delete a feed. In yet another embodiment, uponlead convert (e.g. to an opportunity or contact), the feed items of thelead can be hard deleted. This embodiment can be configured to performsuch a deletion for any change in record type. In variousimplementations, only the comments are hard deleted upon a lead convert,other convert, or when the object is deleted (as mentioned above).

In one embodiment, viewing a feed pulls up the most recent messages orfeed tracked updates (e.g. 25) and searches the most recent (e.g. 4)comments for each feed item. The comments can be identified via thecomment table 930. In one implementation, a user can request to see morecomments, e.g., by selecting a see more link.

In some embodiments, user feeds and/or entity feeds have a last commentdate field. In various embodiments, the last comment date field isstored as a field of a record or a user profile. For feeds with nocomments, this can be the same as the created date. Whenever a newcomment is created, the associated feed's last comment date can beupdated with the created date of the comment. The last comment date isunchanged if a feed comment is deleted. A use case is to allow people toorder their queries to see the feeds which have been most recentlycommented on.

D. Creating Custom Feeds by Customizing the Event Hifeed Tracked UpdateTable

In some embodiments, a tenant (e.g. through an administrator) or aspecific user of a tenant can specify the types of events for which feeditems are created. A user can add more events or remove events from alist of events that get added to the event hifeed tracked update table910. In one embodiment, a trigger can be added as a piece of code, rule,or item on a list for adding a custom event to the event hifeed trackedupdate table 910. These custom events can provide customers the abilityto create their own custom feeds and custom feed items to augment orreplace implicitly generated feeds via event hifeed tracked update table910. Implicitly generated feed data can be created when feed-tracking isenabled for certain entities/field-names. In one embodiment, in order tooverride implicit feeds, feed tracking can be turned off and thentriggers can be defined by the user to add events to the event hifeedtracked update table 910. In other embodiments, users are not allowed tooverride the default list of events that are added to table 910, andthus cannot define their own triggers for having events tracked.

For example, upon lead convert or case close, a default action to betaken by the system may be to add multiple events to event hifeedtracked update table 910. If a customer (e.g. a tenant or a specificuser) does not want each of these events to show up as feed items, thecustomer can turn off tracking for the entities and generate customfeeds by defining customized triggers (e.g. by using an API) upon theevents. As another example, although data is not changed, a customer maystill want to track an action on a record (e.g. status changes if notalready being tracked, views by certain people, retrieval of data,etc.).

In one embodiment, if a user does not want a feed item to be generatedupon every change on a given field, but only if the change exceeds acertain threshold or range, then such custom feeds can be conditionallygenerated with the customized triggers. In one implementation, thedefault tracking for the record or user may be turned off for thiscustomization so that the events are only conditionally tracked. Inanother implementation, a trigger can be defined that deletes eventsthat are not desired, so that default tracking can still be turned onfor a particular object type. Such conditional tracking can be used forother events as well.

In some embodiments, defining triggers to track certain events can bedone as follows. A user can define an object type to track. This objecttype can be added to a list of objects that can be tracked for aparticular tenant. The tenant can remove object types from this list aswell. Custom objects and standard objects can be on the list, which may,for example, be stored in cache or RAM of a server or in the database.Generally only one such list exists for a tenant, and users do not haveindividual lists for themselves, although in some embodiments, they mayparticularly when the number of users in a tenant is small.

In one embodiment, a tenant can select which records of an object typeare to be tracked. In another embodiment, once an object type is addedto the tracking list of object types, then all records of that type aretracked. The tenant can then specify the particulars of how the trackingis to be performed. For example, the tenant can specify triggers asdescribed above, fields to be tracked, or any of the customizationsmentioned herein.

In some embodiments, when a feed is defined as an object in the database(e.g. as a child object of entity records that can be tracked), aparticular instance of the feed object (e.g. for a particular record)can be create-able and delete-able. In one embodiment, if a user hasaccess to a record then the user can customize the feed for the record.In one embodiment, a record may be locked to prevent customization ofits feed.

One method of creating a custom feed for users of a database systemaccording to embodiments is now described. Any of the following stepscan be performed wholly or partially with the database system, and inparticular by one or more processor of the database system.

In step A, one or more criteria specifying which events are to betracked for possible inclusion into a feed to be displayed are receivedfrom a tenant. In step B, data indicative of an event is received. Instep C, the event is analyzed to determine if the criteria aresatisfied. In step D, if the criteria are satisfied, at least a portionof the data is added to a table (e.g. one or more of the tables in FIG.9A) that tracks events for inclusion into at least one feed for a userof the tenant. The feed in which feed items of an event may ultimatelybe displayed can be a news feed, record feed, or a profile feed.

E. Creating Custom Feeds with Filtering

After feed items have been generated, they can be filtered so that onlycertain feed items are displayed, which may be tailored to a specifictenant and/or user. In one embodiment, a user can specify changes to afield that meet certain criteria for the feed item to show up in a feeddisplayed to the user, e.g., a news feed or even an entity feeddisplayed directly to the user. In one implementation, the criteria canbe combined with other factors (e.g. number of feed items in the feed)to determine which feed items to display. For instance, if a smallnumber of feed items exist (e.g. below a threshold), then all of thefeed items may be displayed.

In one embodiment, a user can specify the criteria via a query on thefeed items in his/her new feed, and thus a feed may only return objectsof a certain type, certain types of events, feed tracked updates aboutcertain fields, and other criteria mentioned herein. Messages can alsobe filtered according to some criteria, which may be specified in aquery. Such an added query can be added onto a standard query that isused to create the news feed for a user. A first user could specify theusers and records that the first user is following in this manner, aswell as identify the specific feed items that the first user wants tofollow. The query could be created through a graphical interface oradded by a user directly in a query language. Other criteria couldinclude receiving only posts directed to a particular user or record, asopposed to other feed items.

In one embodiment, the filters can be run by defining code triggers,which run when an event, specific or otherwise, occurs. The triggercould then run to perform the filtering at the time the event occurs orwhen a user (who has certain defined triggers, that is configured for aparticular user) requests a display of the feed. A trigger could searchfor certain terms (e.g. vulgar language) and then remove such terms ornot create the feed item. A trigger can also be used to send the feeditem to a particular person (e.g. an administrator) who does notnormally receive the feed item were it not for the feed item containingthe flagged terms.

F. Access Checks

In one embodiment, a user can access a feed of a record if the user canaccess the record. The security rules for determining whether a user hasaccess to a record can be performed in a variety of ways, some of whichare described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/866,184, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,095,531, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety and for all purposes. For example, a security level table canspecify whether a user can see a particular type of record and/orparticular records. In one implementation, a hierarchy of positionswithin a tenant is used. For example, a manager can inherit the accesslevels of employees that the manager supervises. Field level security(FLS) can also be used to determine whether a particular feed trackedupdate about an update to a field can be seen by the user. The fieldchange table 920 can be used to identify a field name or field ID, andthen whether the user has read access to that field can be determinedfrom an FLS table. For example, if a user could not see a field of asocial security number, the feed of the user provided to the user wouldnot include any feed items related to the social security number field.

In one embodiment, a user can edit a feed of a record if the user hasaccess to the record, e.g., deleting or editing a feed item. In anotherembodiment, a user (besides an administrator) cannot edit a feed item,except for performing an action from which a feed item can be created.In one implementation, a user is required to have access to a particularrecord and field for a feed item to be created based on an action of theuser. In this case, an administrator can be considered to be a user withMODIFY-ALL-DATA security level. In yet another embodiment, a user whocreated the record can edit the feed.

G. Posts

In one embodiment, the text of posts are stored in a child table (posttable 950), which can be cross-referenced with event hifeed trackedupdate table 910. Post table 950 can include event ID 951 (tocross-reference with event ID 911), post text 952 to store the text ofthe post, and time/date 953. An entry in post table 950 can beconsidered a feed post object. Posts for a record can also be subject toaccess checks. In one implementation, if a user can view a record thenall of the posts can be seen, i.e. there is not an additional level ofsecurity check as there is for FLS. In another implementation, anadditional security check could be done, e.g., by checking on whethercertain keywords (or phrases) exist in the post. For instance, a postmay not be not provided to specified users if a certain keyword exists,or only provided to specified users if a keyword exists. In anotherembodiment, a table can exist for status updates.

VIII. Subscribing to Users and Records to Follow

As described above, a user can follow users, groups, and records.Embodiments can provide mechanisms for a user to manage which users,groups, and records that the user is currently following. In oneembodiment, a user can be limited to the number of users and records(collectively or separately) that the user can follow. For example, auser may be restricted to only following 10 users and 15 records, or asanother example, 25 total. Alternatively, the user may be permitted tofollow more or less users.

In one embodiment, a user can go to a page of a record and then selectto follow that object (e.g., with a button marked “follow” or “join”).In another embodiment, a user can search for a record and have thematching records show up in a list. The search can include criteria ofrecords that the user might want to follow. Such criteria can includethe owner, the creation date, last comment date, and numerical values ofparticular fields (e.g. an opportunity with a value of more than$10,000).

A follow button (or other activation object) can then reside next toeach record in the resulting list, and the follow button can be selectedto start following the record. Similarly, a user can go to a profilepage of a user and select to follow the user, or a search for users canprovide a list, where one or more users can be selected for followingfrom the list. The selections of subscribing and unsubscribing can addand delete rows in table 920.

In some embodiments, a subscription center acts as a centralized placein a database application (e.g. application platform 18) to manage whichrecords a user subscribes to, and which field updates the user wants tosee in feed tracked updates. The subscription center can use asubscription table to keep track of the subscriptions of various users.In one embodiment, the subscription center shows a list of all the items(users and records) a user is subscribed to. In another embodiment, auser can unsubscribe to subscribed objects from the subscription center.

A. Automatic Subscription

In one embodiment, an automatic subscription feature can ensure that auser is receiving certain feeds. In this manner, a user does not have toactively select certain objects to follow. Also, a tenant can ensurethat a user is following objects that the user needs to be following.

In various embodiments for automatically following users, a default forsmall organizations can be to follow everyone. For big organizations,the default can be to follow a manager and peers. If a user is amanager, the default can be to follow the manager's supervisor, peers,and people that the manager supervises (subordinates). In otherembodiments for automatically following records, records that the userowns may be automatically followed and/or records recently viewed (orchanged) may be automatically followed.

In one example, a new record is created. The owner (not necessarily theuser who created the entity) is subscribed to the entity. If ownershipis changed, the new owner may automatically be subscribed to follow theentity. Also, after a lead convert, the user doing the lead convert maybe automatically subscribed to the new account, opportunity, or contactresulting from the lead convert. In one implementation, the autosubscription is controlled by user preference. That is a user or tenantcan have the auto subscribe feature enabled or not. In one aspect, thedefault is to have the auto-subscribe turned on.

FIG. 9B shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 for automaticallysubscribing a user to an object in a database system according toembodiments. Any of the following steps can be performed wholly orpartially with the database system, and in particular by one or moreprocessor of the database system.

In step 901, one or more properties of an object stored in the databasesystem are received. The properties can be received from administratorsof the database system, or from users of the database system (which maybe an administrator of a customer organization). The properties can berecords or users, and can include any of the fields of the object thatare stored in the database system. Examples of properties of a recordinclude: an owner of the record, a user that converted the record fromone record type to another record type, whether the first user hasviewed the record, and a time the first user viewed the record. Examplesof properties of a user include: which organization (tenant) the user isassociated with, the second user's position in the same organization,and which other users the user had e-mailed or worked with on projects.

In step 902, the database system receives one or more criteria aboutwhich users are to automatically follow the object. The criteria can bereceived from administrators of the database system, or from one or moreusers of the database system. The users may be an administrator of acustomer organization, which can set tenant-wide criteria or criteriafor specific users (who may also set the criteria themselves). Examplesof the criteria can include: an owner or creator of a record is tofollow the record, subordinates of an owner or creator of a record areto follow the record, a user is to follow records recently viewed(potentially after a specific number of views), records that a user haschanged values (potentially with a date requirement), records created byothers in a same business group as the user. Examples of the criteriacan also include: a user is to follow his/her manager, the user's peers,other users in the same business group as the user, and other users thatthe user has e-mailed or worked with on a project. The criteria can bespecific to a user or group of users (e.g. users of a tenant).

In step 903, the database system determines whether the one or moreproperties of the object satisfy the one or more criteria for a firstuser. In one embodiment, this determination can occur by first obtainingthe criteria and then determining objects that satisfy the criteria. Thedetermination can occur periodically, at time of creation of an object,or at other times. If different users have different criteria, then thecriteria for a particular user or group could be searched at the sametime. Since users of different tenants normally cannot view objects ofanother tenant, certain criteria does not have to be checked. In anotherembodiment, this determination can occur by looking at certainproperties and then identifying any criteria that are met. In yetanother embodiment, the criteria and properties can be used to findusers that satisfy the criteria.

In step 904, if the criteria are satisfied, the object is associatedwith the first user. The association can be in a list that storesinformation as to what objects are being followed by the first user.User subscription table 940 is an example of such a list. In oneembodiment, the one or more criteria are satisfied if one propertysatisfies at least one criterion. Thus, if the criteria is that a userfollows his/her manager and the object is the user's manager, then thefirst user will follow the object.

In one embodiment, a user can also be automatically unsubscribed, e.g.if a certain action happens. The action could be a change in the user'sposition within the organization, e.g. a demotion or becoming acontractor. As another example, if a case gets closed, then usersfollowing the case may be automatically unsubscribed.

B. Feed and Subscription API

In one embodiment, a feed and subscription center API can enable tenantsto provide mechanisms for tracking and creating feed items, e.g., asdescribed above for creating custom feeds by allowing users to addcustom events for tracking. For example, after some initial feed itemsare created (e.g. by administrators of the database system), outsidegroups (e.g. tenants or software providers selling software to thetenants) can ‘enable objects’ for feeds through a standard API. Thegroups can then integrate into the subscription center and the feedtracked update feeds on their own. In one embodiment, the feed andsubscription center API can use a graphical user interface implementedfor the default feed tracking. In one embodiment, API examples includesubscribing to an entity by creating a new entity subscription objectfor a particular user ID, or for all users of a tenant (e.g. usersubscription table 940). In one embodiment, obtaining all subscriptionsfor a given user can be performed by using a query, such as “select . .. from EntitySubscription where userid=‘ . . . ’”.

Some embodiments have restriction on non-admin users, e.g. those withoutview all data permissions (VAD). One restriction can be a limit clauseon entity subscription queries (e.g. queries on user subscription table940), e.g., where the limit of the number of operations is less than100. In one embodiment, users are not required to specify an order-by,but if an order-by is specified they can only order on fields on theentity subscription entity. In one implementation, filters on entitysubscription can likewise only specify fields on the entity subscriptionentity. In one aspect, the object ID being followed can be sorted orfiltered, but not the object name.

In one embodiment, one or more restrictions can also be placed on theidentification of feed items in a feed that a user can access. Forexample, if a low-level user (i.e. user can access few objects) isattempting to see a profile feed of a high level user, a maximum numberof checks (e.g. 500) for access rights may be allowed. Such arestriction can minimize a cost of a feed request. In some embodiments,there are restriction on the type of queries (e.g. fields for filtering)allowed to construct on feeds (e.g. on tables in FIG. 9A).

C. Sharing

As mentioned above, users may be restricted from seeing records fromother tenants, as well as certain records from the tenant to which theuser belongs (e.g. the user's employer). Sharing rules can refer to theaccess rules that restrict a user from seeing records that the user isnot authorized to see or access. Additionally, in one implementation, auser may be restricted to only seeing certain fields of a record,field-level security (FLS).

In an embodiment, access rule checks are done upon subscription. Forexample, a user is not allowed to subscribe to a record or type ofrecord that the user cannot access. In one aspect, this can minimize(but not necessarily eliminate) cases where a user subscribes toentities they cannot access. Such cases can slow down news feed queries,when an access check is performed (which can end up removing much of thefeed items). Thus, a minimization of access checks can speed upoperation. In another embodiment, when feed items are createddynamically, access rule checks may be done dynamically at the time ofsubsequent access, and not upon subscription or in addition to at timeof subscription.

An example case where access checks are still performed is when a firstuser follows a second user, but the second user performs some actions onrecords or is following records that the first user is not allowed tosee. The first user may be allowed to follow the second user, and thusthe subscription is valid even though the first user may not be able tosee all of the feed items. Before a feed tracked update is provided to anews feed of the first user, a security check may be performed tovalidate whether the first user has access rights to the feed item. Ifnot, the feed item is not displayed to the first user. In oneimplementation, users can be blocked from feed items that containcertain terms, symbols, account numbers, etc. In one embodiment, anyuser can follow another user. In another embodiment, users may berestricted as to which users, objects, and/or records he/she can follow.

Regarding viewing privileges of a feed, in one embodiment, a user canalways see all of his own subscriptions (even if he's lost read accessto a record). For example, a user can become a contractor, and then theuser may lose access to some records. But, the user may still see thathe/she is following the object. This can help if there is a limit to thenumber of objects that can be followed. To unsubscribe a user may needto know what they are following so they can unsubscribe and subscribe toobjects the user can see. In another embodiment, for access to otherpeople's subscriptions, a user can be required to need read-access onthe record-id to see the subscription. In some embodiments, users withauthorization to modify all data can create/delete any subscription. Inother embodiments, a user can create/delete subscriptions only for thatuser, and not anyone else.

D. Configuration of which Field to Follow

There can be various feed settings for which feed items get added toprofile and record feeds, and which get added to news feeds. In oneembodiment, for profile feeds and entity feeds, feed tracked updates canbe written for all standard and custom fields on the supported objects.In one implementation, feed settings can be set to limit how many andwhich fields of a record are tracked for determining whether a feedtracked update is to be generated. For example, a user or administratorcan choose specific fields to track and/or certain ones not to track. Inanother embodiment, there is a separate limit for the number oftrackable fields (e.g. 20) for a record. Thus, only certain changes maybe tracked in an entity hifeed tracked update and show up in the feed.In yet another embodiment, default fields may be chosen for tracking,where the defaults can be exposed in the subscriptions center.

IX. Adding Items to a Feed

As described above, a feed includes feed items, which include feedtracked updates and messages, as defined herein. Various feeds can begenerated. For example, a feed can be generated about a record or abouta user. Then, users can view these feeds. A user can separately view afeed of a record or user, e.g., by going to a home page for the user orthe record. As described above, a user can also subscribe (follow) touser or record and receive the feed items of those feeds through aseparate feed application (e.g. in a page or window), which is termed“chatter” in certain examples. The feed application can provide each ofthe feeds that a user is following in a single news feed.

A feed generator can refer to any software program running on aprocessor or a dedicated processor (or combination thereof) that cangenerate feed items (e.g. feed tracked updates or messages) and combinethem into a feed. In one embodiment, the feed generator can generate afeed item by receiving a feed tracked update or message, identifyingwhat feeds the item should be added to, and adding the feed. Adding thefeed can include adding additional information (metadata) to the feedtracked update or message (e.g. adding a document, sender of message, adetermined importance, etc.). The feed generator can also check to makesure that no one sees feed tracked updates for data that they don't haveaccess to see (e.g. according to sharing rules). A feed generator canrun at various times to pre-compute feeds or to compute themdynamically, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the feed generator can de-dupe events (i.e. preventduplicates) that may come in from numerous records (and users). Forexample, since a feed tracked update can be published to multiple feeds(e.g. John Choe changed the Starbucks Account Status) and a person canbe subscribed to both the Starbucks account and John Choe, embodimentscan filter out duplicates before adding or displaying the items in anews feed. Thus, the Feed Generator can collapse events with multiplerecords and users for a single transaction into a single feed trackedupdate and ensure the right number of feed tracked updates for theparticular feed. In some embodiments, an action by a user does notcreate a feed item for that user (e.g. for a profile feed of that user),and it is only the feed of the object being acted upon (e.g. updated)for which a feed item is created. Thus, there should not be duplicates.For example, if someone updates the status of a record, the feed item isonly for the record and not the user.

In one embodiment, processor 417 in FIG. 4 can identify an event thatmeets criteria for a feed tracked update, and then generate the feedtracked update. Processor 417 can also identify a message. For example,an application interface can have certain mechanisms for submitting amessage (e.g. “submit” buttons on a profile page, detail page of arecord, “comment” button on post), and use of these mechanisms can beused to identify a message to be added to a table used to create a feedor added directly to a list of feed items ready for display.

A. Adding Items to a Pre-Computed Feed

In some embodiments, a feed of feed items is created before a userrequests the feed. Such an embodiment can run fast, but have highoverall costs for storage. In one embodiment, once a profile feed or arecord feed has been created, a feed item (messages and feed trackedupdates) can be added to the feed. The feed can exist in the databasesystem in a variety of ways, such as a related list. The feed caninclude mechanisms to remove items as well as add them.

As described above, a news feed can be an aggregated feed of all therecord feeds and profile feeds to which a user has subscribed. The newsfeed can be provided on the home page of the subscribing user.Therefore, a news feed can be created by and exist for a particularuser. For example, a user can subscribe to receive entity feeds ofcertain records that are of interest to the user, and to receive profilefeeds of people that are of interest (e.g. people on a same team, thatwork for the user, are a boss of the user, etc.). A news feed can tell auser about all the actions across all the records (and people) who haveexplicitly (or implicitly) subscribed to via the subscriptions center(described above).

In one embodiment, only one instance of each feed tracked update isshown on a user's news feed, even if the feed tracked update ispublished in multiple entities to which the user is subscribed. In oneaspect, there may be delays in publishing news articles. For example,the delay may be due to queued up messages for asynchronous entityhifeed tracked update persistence. Different feeds may have differentdelays (e.g. delay for new feeds, but none of profile and entity feeds).In another embodiment, certain feed tracked updates regarding asubscribed profile feed or an entity feed are not shown because the useris not allowed access, e.g. due to sharing rules (which restrict whichusers can see which data). Also, in one embodiment, data of the recordthat has been updated (which includes creation) can be provided in thefeed (e.g. a file or updated value of a feed can be added as a flashrendition).

Examples are provided below as how it can be determined which feed itemsto add to which news feeds. In one embodiment, the addition of items toa news feed is driven by the following user. For example, the user'sprofile can be checked to determine objects the user is following, andthe database may be queried to determine updates to these objects. Inanother embodiment, the users and records being followed drive theaddition of items to a news feed. Embodiments can also combine these andother aspects. In one embodiment, a database system can befollower-driven if the number of subscriptions (users and records theuser is following) is small. For example, since the number subscriptionsare small, then changes to a small number of objects need to be checkedfor the follower.

Regarding embodiments that are follower-driven, one embodiment can havea routine run for a particular user. The routine knows the users andrecords that the user is following. The routine can poll the databasesystem for new feed tracked updates and messages about the users andrecords that are being followed. In one implementation, the polling canbe implemented as queries. In one embodiment, the routine can run atleast partially (even wholly) on a user device.

Regarding embodiments where a news feed is driven by the record (oruser) being followed, processor 417 can identify followers of the recordafter a feed item is added to the record feed. Processor 417 canretrieve a list of the followers from the database system. The list canbe associated with the record, and can be stored as a related list orother object that is a field or child of the record.

In one embodiment, profile and record feeds can be updated immediatelywith a new feed item after an action is taken or an event occurs. A newsfeed can also be updated immediately. In another embodiment, a news feedcan be updated in batch jobs, which can run at periodic times.

B. Dynamically Generating Feeds

In some embodiments, a feed generator can generate the feed itemsdynamically when a user requests to see a particular feed, e.g., aprofile feed, entity feed, or the user's news feed. In one embodiment,the most recent feed items (e.g. top 50) are generated first. In oneaspect, the other feed items can be generated as a background process,e.g., not synchronously with the request to view the feed. However,since the background process is likely to complete before a user gets tothe next 50 feed items, the feed generation may appear synchronous. Inanother aspect, the most recent feed items may or may not includecomments, e.g., that are tied to feed tracked updates or posts.

In one embodiment, the feed generator can query the appropriate subsetof tables shown in FIG. 9A and/or other tables as necessary, to generatethe feed items for display. For example, the feed generator can querythe event hifeed tracked update table 910 for the updates that occurredfor a particular record. The ID of the particular record can be matchedagainst the ID of the record. In one embodiment, changes to a whole setof records can be stored in one table. The feed generator can also queryfor status updates, posts, and comments, each of which can be stored indifferent parts of a record or in separate tables, as shown in FIG. 9A.What gets recorded in the entity hifeed tracked update table (as well aswhat is displayed) can be controlled by a feed settings page in setup,which can be configurable by an administrator and can be the same forthe entire organization, as is described above for custom feeds.

In one embodiment, there can be two feed generators. For example, onegenerator can generate the record and profile feeds and anothergenerator can generate news feeds. For the former, the feed generatorcan query identifiers of the record or the user profile. For the latter,the news feed generator can query the subscribed profile feeds andrecord feeds, e.g., user subscription table 940. In one embodiment, thefeed generator looks at a person's subscription center to decide whichfeeds to query for and return a list of feed items for the user. Thelist can be de-duped, e.g., by looking at the event number and valuesfor the respective table, such as field name or ID, comment ID, or otherinformation.

C. Adding Information to Feed Hifeed Tracked Update Tables

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method 1000 for saving information to feedtracking tables according to embodiments. In one embodiment, some of thesteps may be performed regardless of whether a specific event or part ofan event (e.g. only one field of an update is being tracked) is beingtracked. In various embodiments, a processor or set of processors(hardwired or programmed) can perform method 1000 and any other methoddescribed herein.

In step 1010, data indicative of an event is received. The data may havea particular identifier that specifies the event. For example, there maybe a particular identifier for a field update. In another embodiment,the transaction may be investigated for keywords identifying the event(e.g., terms in a query indicating a close, change field, or createoperations).

In step 1020, it is determined whether the event is being tracked forinclusion into feed tables. The determination of what is being trackedcan be based on a tenant's configuration as described above. In oneaspect, the event has an actor (person performing an event), and anobject of the event (e.g. record or user profile being changed).

In step 1030, the event is written to an event hifeed tracked updatetable (e.g. table 910). In one embodiment, this feed tracking operationcan be performed in the same transaction that performs a save operationfor updating a record. In another embodiment, a transaction includes atleast two roundtrip database operations, with one roundtrip being thedatabase save (write), and the second database operation being thesaving of the update in the hifeed tracked update table. In oneimplementation, the event hifeed tracked update table is chronological.In another implementation, if user A posts on user B's profile, thenuser A is under the “created by” 913 and user B is under the object ID912.

In step 1040, a field change table (e.g. field change table 920) can beupdated with an entry having the event identifier and fields that werechanged in the update. In one embodiment, the field change table is achild table of the event hifeed tracked update table. This table caninclude information about each of the fields that are changed. Forexample, for an event that changes the name and balance for an accountrecord, an entry can have the event identifier, the old and new name,and the old and new balance. Alternatively, each field change can be ina different row with the same event identifier. The field name or ID canalso be included to determine which field the values are associated.

In step 1050, when the event is a post, a post table (e.g. post table950) can be updated with an entry having the event identifier and textof the post. In one embodiment, the field change table is a child tableof the event hifeed tracked update table. In another embodiment, thetext can be identified in the transaction (e.g. a query command),stripped out, and put into the entry at the appropriate column. Thevarious tables described herein can be combined or separated in variousways. For example, the post table and the field change table may be partof the same table or distinct tables, or may include overlappingportions of data.

In step 1060, a comment is received for an event and the comment isadded to a comment table (e.g. comment table 930). The comment could befor a post or an update of a record, from which a feed tracked updatecan be generated for display. In one embodiment, the text can beidentified in the transaction (e.g. a query command), stripped out, andput into the entry at the appropriate column.

D. Reading Information from Feed Hifeed Tracked Update Tables

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method 1100 for reading a feed item as partof generating a feed for display according to embodiments. In oneembodiment, the feed item may be read as part of creating a feed for arecord.

In step 1110, a query is received for an event hifeed tracked updatetable (e.g. event hifeed tracked update table 910) for events related toa particular record. In one embodiment, the query includes an identifierof the record for which the feed is being requested. In variousembodiments, the query may be initiated from a detail page of therecord, a home page of a user requesting the record feed, or from alisting of different records (e.g. obtained from a search or frombrowsing).

In step 1120, the user's security level can be checked to determine ifthe user can view the record feed. Typically, a user can view a recordfeed, if the user can access the record. This security check can beperformed in various ways. In one embodiment, a first table is checkedto see if the user has a classification (e.g. a security level thatallows him to view records of the given type). In another embodiment, asecond table is checked to see if the user is allowed to see thespecific record. The first table can be checked before the second table,and both tables can be different sections of a same table. If the userhas requested the feed from the detail page of the record, oneembodiment can skip the security level check for the record since thecheck was already done when the user requested to view the detail page.

In one embodiment, a security check is determined upon each request toview the record feed. Thus, whether or not a feed item is displayed to auser is determined based on access rights, e.g., when the user requeststo see a feed of a record or a news feed of all the objects the user isfollowing. In this manner, if a user's security changes, a feedautomatically adapts to the user's security level when it is changed. Inanother embodiment, a feed can be computed before being requested and asubsequent security check can be made to determine whether the personstill has access right to view the feed items. The security (access)check may be at the field level, as well as at the record level.

In step 1130, if the user can access the record, the a field levelsecurity table can be checked to determine whether the user can seeparticular fields. In one implementation, only those fields aredisplayed to the user. Alternatively, a subset of those the user hasaccess to is displayed. The field level security check may optionally beperformed at the same time and even using the same operation as therecord level check. In addition, the record type check may also beperformed at this time. If the user can only see certain fields, thenany feed items related to those fields (e.g. as determined from fieldchange table 920) can be removed from the feed being displayed.

In step 1140, the feed items that the user has access to are displayed.In one embodiment, a predetermined number (e.g. 20) of feed items aredisplayed at a time. The method can display the first 20 feed items thatare found to be readable, and then determine others while the user isviewing the first 20. In another embodiment, the other feed items arenot determined until the user requests to see them, e.g., by activatinga see more link.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a method 1200 for reading a feed item of aprofile feed for display according to embodiments. In one embodiment,the query includes an identifier of the user profile feed that is beingrequested. Certain steps may be optional, as is also true for othermethods described herein. For example, security checks may not beperformed.

In step 1210, a query is directed to an event hifeed tracked updatetable (e.g. event hifeed tracked update table 910) for events having afirst user as the actor of the event (e.g. creation of an account) or onwhich the event occurred (e.g. a post to the user's profile). In variousembodiments, the query may be initiated by a second user from the user'sprofile page, a home page of a user requesting the profile feed (e.g.from a list of users being followed), or from a listing of differentusers (e.g. obtained from a search or from browsing). Various mechanismsfor determining aspects of events and obtaining information from tablescan be the same across any of the methods described herein.

In step 1220, a security check may also be performed on whether thesecond user can see the first user's profile. In one embodiment any usercan see the profile of another user of the same tenant, and step 1220 isoptional.

In step 1230, a security (access) check can be performed for the feedtracked updates based on record types, records, and/or fields, as wellsecurity checks for messages. In one embodiment, only the feed trackedupdates related to records that the person has updated are the ones thatneed security check as the feed items about the user are readable by anyuser of the same tenant. Users of other tenants are not navigable, andthus security can be enforced at a tenant level. In another embodiment,messages can be checked for keywords or links to a record or field thatthe second user does not have access.

As users can have different security classifications, it is importantthat a user with a low-level security cannot see changes to records thathave been performed by a user with high-level security. In oneimplementation, each feed item can be checked and then the viewableresults displayed, but this can be inefficient. For example, such asecurity check may take a long time, and the second user would like toget some results sooner rather than later. The following stepsillustrate one embodiment of how security might be checked for a firstuser that has a lot of feed items, but the second user cannot see mostof them. This embodiment can be used for all situations, but can beeffective in the above situation.

In step 1231, a predetermined number of entries are retrieved from theevent hifeed tracked update table (e.g. starting from the most recent,which may be determined from the event identifier). The retrievedentries may just be ones that match the user ID of the query. In oneembodiment, entries are checked to find the entries that are associatedwith the user and with a record (i.e. not just posts to the useraccount). In another embodiment, those entries associated with the userare allowed to be viewed, e.g. because the second user can see theprofile of the first user as determined in step 1220.

In step 1232, the record identifiers are organized by type and the typeis checked on whether the second user can see the record types. Otherchecks such as whether a record was manually shared (e.g. by the owner)can also be performed. In one embodiment, the queries for the differenttypes can be done in parallel.

In step 1233, if a user can see the record type, then a check can beperformed on the specific record. In one embodiment, if a user can see arecord type, then the user can see all of the records of that type, andso this step can be skipped. In another embodiment, the sharing modelcan account for whether a user below the second user (e.g. the seconduser is a manager) can see the record. In such an embodiment, the seconduser may see such a record. In one implementation, if a user cannot seea specific record, then comments on that record are also not viewable.

In step 1234, field level sharing rules can be used to determine whetherthe second user can see information about an update or value of certainfields. In one embodiment, messages can be analyzed to determine ifreference to a particular field name is made. If so, then field levelsecurity can be applied to the messages.

In step 1280, steps 1231-1234 are repeated until a stopping criteria ismet. In one embodiment, the stopping criteria may be when a maximumnumber (e.g. 100) of entries that are viewable have been identified. Inanother embodiment, the stopping criteria can be that a maximum number(e.g. 500) of entries from the entity hifeed tracked update table havebeen analyzed, regardless of whether the entries are viewable or not.

In one embodiment, a news feed can be generated as a combination of theprofile feeds and the entity feeds, e.g. as described above. In oneimplementation, a list of records and user profiles for the queries insteps 1110 and 1210 can be obtained form user subscription table 940. Inone embodiment, there is a maximum number of objects that can befollowed.

In various embodiments, the entity hifeed tracked update table can bequeried for any one or more of the following matching variables as partof determining items for a feed: CreatedDate, CreatedById,CreatedBy.FirstName, CreatedBy.LastName, ParentId, and Parent.Name. Thechild tables can also be queried for any one or more of the followingmatching variables as part of determining items for a feed: DataType,FieldName, OldValue, and NewValue. A query can also specify how theresulting feed items can be sorted for display, e.g., by event number,date, importance, etc. The query can also include a number of items tobe returned, which can be enforced at the server.

The two examples provided above can be done periodically to create thefeeds ahead of time or done dynamically at the time the display of afeed is requested. Such a dynamic calculation can be computationallyintensive for a news feed, particularly if many users and records arebeing followed, although there can be a low demand for storage.Accordingly, one embodiment performs some calculations ahead of time andstores the results in order to create a news feed.

E. Partial Pre-Computing of Items for a Feed

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method 1300 of storing event information forefficient generation of feed items to display in a feed according toembodiments. In various embodiments, method 1300 can be performed eachtime an event is written to the events hifeed tracked update table, orperiodically based on some other criteria (e.g. every minute, after fiveupdates have been made, etc.).

In step 1310, data indicative of an event is received. The data may bethe same and identified in the same way as described for step 1010. Theevent may be written to an event hifeed tracked update table (e.g. table910).

In step 1320, the object(s) associated with the event are identified. Invarious embodiments, the object may be identified by according tovarious criteria, such as the record being changed, the user changingthe record, a user posting a message, and a user whose profile themessage is being posted to.

In step 1330, the users following the event are determined. In oneembodiment, one or more objects that are associated with the event areused to determine the users following the event. In one implementation,a subscription table (e.g. table 940) can be used to find the identifiedobjects. The entries of the identified objects can contain an identifier(e.g. user ID 941) of each the users following the object

In step 1340, the followers of the event are written to a news feedtable along with an event identifier. In one embodiment, each followeris added as a separate entry into the news feed table along with theevent ID. In another embodiment, each of the events for a user is addedas a new column for the row of the user. In yet another embodiment, morecolumns (e.g. columns from the other tables) can be added.

News feed table 960 shows an example of such a table with user ID 961and event ID or pointer 962. The table can be organized in any manner.One difference from event hifeed tracked update table 910 is that oneevent can have multiple entries (one for each subscriber) in the newsfeed table 960. In one embodiment, all of the entries for a same userare grouped together, e.g., as shown. The user U819 is shown asfollowing events E37 and E90, and thus any of the individual feed itemsresulting from those events. In another embodiment, any new entries areadded at the end of the table. Thus, all of the followers for a newevent can be added as a group. In such an embodiment, the event IDswould generally be grouped together in the table. Of course, the tablecan be sorted in any suitable manner.

In an embodiment, if the number of users is small, then the feed itemsin one or more of the tables may be written as part of the same writetransaction. In one implementation, the determination of small dependson the number of updates performed for the event (e.g. a maximum numberof update operations may be allowed), and if more operations areperformed, then the addition of the feed items is performed. In oneaspect, the number of operations can be counted by the number of rows tobe updated, including the rows of the record (which depends on theupdate event), and the rows of the hifeed tracked update tables, whichcan depend on the number of followers. In another embodiment, if thenumber of users is large, the rest of the feed items can be created bybatch. In one embodiment, the feed items are always written as part of adifferent transaction, i.e., by batch job.

In one embodiment, security checks can be performed before an entry isadded to the news feed table 960. In this manner, security checks can beperformed during batch jobs and may not have to be performed at the timeof requesting a news feed. In one implementation, the event can beanalyzed and if access is not allowed to a feed item of the event, thenan entry is not added. In one aspect, multiple feed items for a sameuser may not result from a same event (e.g. by how an event is definedin table 910), and thus there is no concern about a user missing a feeditem that he/she should be able to view.

In step 1350, a request for a news feed is received from a user. In oneembodiment, the request is obtained when a user navigates to the user'shome page. In another embodiment, the user selects a table, link, orother page item that causes the request to be sent.

In step 1360, the news feed table and other tables are accessed toprovide displayable feed items of the news feed. The news feed can thenbe displayed. In one embodiment, the news feed table can then be joinedwith the event hifeed tracked update table to determine the feed items.For example, the news feed table 960 can be searched for entries with aparticular user ID. These entries can be used to identify event entriesin event hifeed tracked update table 910, and the proper informationfrom any child tables can be retrieved. The feed items (e.g., feedtracked updates and messages) can then be generated for display.

In one embodiment, the most recent feed items (e.g. 100 most recent) aredetermined first. The other feed items may then be determined in a batchprocess. Thus, the feed item that a user is most likely to view can comeup first, and the user may not recognize that the other feed items arebeing done in batch. In one implementation, the most recent feed itemscan be gauged by the event identifiers. In another embodiment, the feeditems with a highest importance level can be displayed first. Thehighest importance being determined by one or more criteria, such as,who posted the feed item, how recently, how related to other feed items,etc.

In one embodiment where the user subscription table 940 is used todynamically create a news feed, the query would search the subscriptiontable, and then use the object IDs to search the event hifeed trackedupdate table (one search for each object the user is following). Thus,the query for the news feed can be proportional to the number of objectsthat one was subscribing to. The news feed table allows the intermediatestep of determining the object IDs to be done at an earlier stage sothat the relevant events are already known. Thus, the determination ofthe feed is no longer proportional to the number of object beingfollowed.

In some embodiments, a news feed table can include a pointer (as opposedto an event identifier) to the event hifeed tracked update table foreach event that is being followed by the user. In this manner, the evententries can immediately be retrieved without having to perform a searchon the event hifeed tracked update table. Security checks can be made atthis time, and the text for the feed tracked updates can be generated.

X. Display of a Feed

Feeds include messages and feed tracked updates and can show up in manyplaces in an application interface with the database system. In oneembodiment, feeds can be scoped to the context of the page on which theyare being displayed. For example, how a feed tracked update is presentedcan vary depending on which page it is being displayed (e.g. in newsfeeds, on a detail page of a record, and even based on how the userended up at a particular page). In another embodiment, only a finitenumber of feed items are displayed (e.g. 50). In one implementation,there can be a limit specifically on the number of feed tracked updatesor messages displayed. Alternatively, the limit can be applied toparticular types of feed tracked updates or messages. For example, onlythe most recent changes (e.g. 5 most recent) for a field may bedisplayed. Also, the number of fields for which changes are displayedcan also be limited. Such limits can also be placed on profile feeds andnews feeds. In one embodiment, feed items may also be subject to certainfiltering criteria before being displayed, e.g., as described below.

A. Sharing Rules for Feeds

As mentioned above, a user may not be allowed to see all of the recordsin the database, and not even all of the records of the organization towhich the user belongs. A user can also be restricted from viewingcertain fields of a record that the user is otherwise authorized toview. Accordingly, certain embodiments use access rules (also calledsharing rules and field-level security FLS) to ensure that a user doesnot view a feed tracked update or message that the user is notauthorized to see. A feed of a record can be subject to the same accessrules as the parent record.

In one embodiment, access rules can be used to prevent subscription to arecord that the user cannot see. In one implementation, a user can see arecord, but only some of the fields. In such instances, only items aboutfields that the user can access may be displayed. In another embodiment,sharing rules and FLS are applied before a feed item is being added to afeed. In another embodiment, sharing rules and FLS are applied after afeed item has been added and when the feed is being displayed. When arestriction of display is mentioned, the enforcement of access rules mayoccur at any stage before display.

In some implementations, the access rules can be enforced when a queryis provided to a record or a user's profile to obtain feed items for anews feed of a user. The access rules can be checked andcross-references with the feed items that are in the feed. Then, thequery can only return feed items for which the user has access.

In other implementations, the access rules can be enforced when a userselects a specific profile feed or record feed. For example, when a userarrives on a home page (or selects a tab to see the record feed), thedatabase system can check to see which feed items the user can see. Insuch an embodiment, each feed item can be associated with metadata thatidentifies which field the feed item is about. Thus, in one embodiment,a feed tracked update is not visible unless the associated record and/orfield are visible to the user.

In one example, when a user accesses a feed of a record, an access checkcan be performed to identify whether the user can access the object typeof the record. In one implementation, users are assigned a profile type,and the profile type is cross-referenced (e.g. by checking a table) todetermine whether the profile type of the user can see the object typeof the record.

In some embodiments, access to specific records can be checked, e.g.,after it has been determined that the user can access the record type.Rules can be used to determine the records viewable by a user. Suchrules can determine the viewable records as a combination of thoseviewable by profile type, viewable due to a profile hierarchy (e.g. aboss can view records of profile types lower in the hierarchy), andviewable by manual sharing (e.g. as may be done by an owner of arecord). In one embodiment, the records viewable by a user can bedetermined beforehand and stored in a table. In one implementation, thetable can be cross-referenced by user (or profile type of a user) toprovide a list of the records that the user can see, and the list can besearched to determine if the record at issue is among the list. Inanother implementation, the table can be cross-referenced by record todetermine a list of the profile types that can access the record, andthe list can be searched to find out if the requesting user is in thelist. In another embodiment, the records viewable by a user can bedetermined dynamically at the time of the access check, e.g., byapplying rules to data (such as user profile and hierarchy information)obtained from querying one or more tables.

In other embodiments, checks can be made as to whether a user has accessto certain fields of a record, e.g., after it has been determined thatthe user can access the record. In one aspect, the access check onfields can be performed on results already obtained from the database,to filter out fields that the user cannot see. In one embodiment, thefields associated with retrieved feed items are determined, and thesefields are cross-referenced with an access table that contains thefields accessible by the user (e.g. using the profile type of the user).Such an access table could also be a negative access table by specifyingfields that the user cannot see, as can other access tables mentionedherein. In one embodiment, the field level access table is stored incache at a server.

In one embodiment, a user can see the same fields across all records ofa certain type (e.g. as long as the user can see the record). In oneimplementation, there is a field level access table for each objecttype. The access table can be cross-referenced by user (e.g. via profiletype) or field. For example, a field can be identified along with theprofile types that can see the field, and it can be determined whetherthe user's profile type is listed. In another example, the user can befound and the fields to which the user has access can be obtained. Inanother embodiment, the accessible fields could be specified for eachrecord.

Regarding profile feeds and news feeds, a first user may perform anaction on a record, and a feed tracked update may be generated and addedto the first user's profile feed. A second user who is allowed to followthe first user may not have access rights to the record. Thus, the feedtracked update can be excluded from a news feed of the second user, orwhen the second user views the first user's profile feed directly. Inone embodiment, if a user is already on the detail page, then anotheraccess check (at least at the record level) may optionally not beperformed since a check was already done in order to view the detailpage.

In some embodiments, for profile feeds and news feeds, the feed itemscan be organized by object type. IT can then be determined whether therequesting user can access to those object types. Other access checkscan be done independently or in conjunction with these access checks, asis described above.

B. API Implementation

Various embodiments can implement the access rules in various ways. Inone embodiment, all recent feed items (or more generally events) areretrieved from a feed that is ready for display (e.g. after a feedgenerator performs formatting) or a table. Then, bulk sharing checks canbe applied on the retrieved items. The viewable feed items of the mostrecent set can then be displayed.

In another embodiment regarding a profile feed, for non-VAD (view alldata) users, i.e. users who can see everything, certain functions can beoverridden. In one implementation, a FROM clause in a query can beoverridden to be a pipelined function, e.g., with different parts of thequery being operated on at the same time, but with different operationsof a pipeline. This pipeline function can be given a row limit and themaximum number of sharing checks to run. It can loop, selecting the nextbatch of rows, run sharing checks against them in bulk, and pipe backany IDs which are accessible. In one aspect, in nearly all cases, theuser feed can contain accessible IDs so the sharing checks can pass onthe first loop. However, it is possible the sharing may have changedsuch that this user's access is greatly reduced. In one worst case,embodiments can run sharing checks on up to the maximum number ofsharing check rows (e.g. a default 500) and then terminate the functionwith the IDs which passed so far, possibly zero. Such an exampleincludes a low level person viewing profile feed of CEO.

In some embodiments, if the user has a small number of subscriptions(e.g. <25), then embodiments can first run sharing checks on those IDsand then drive the main query from those accessible IDs, as opposed to asemi-join against the subscription and running sharing checks on theresulting rows. In other embodiments, FLS is enforced by building up aTABLE CAST of the accessible field IDs from the cached values. A mainquery can then join against this table to filter only accessible fields.

XI. Filtering and Searching Feeds

It can be possible that a user subscribes to many users and records,which can cause a user's news feed to be very long and include many feeditems. In such instances, it can be difficult for the user to read everyfeed item, and thus some important or interesting feed items may not beread. In some embodiments, filters may be used to determine which feeditems are added to a feed or displayed in the feed, even though a usermay be authorized to see more than what is displayed. Section VII.E alsoprovides a description of filtering based on criteria.

In one embodiment, an “interestingness” filter can function as a modulefor controlling/recommending which feed tracked updates make it to thenews feed when the number of items that a user subscribes to is large.In one such embodiment, a user can specify a filter, which is applied toa user's news feed or to record and profile feeds that the userrequests. Different filters can be used for each. For example,processing can be done on the news feed to figure out which feed trackedupdates are the most relevant to the user. One embodiment can use animportance weight and level/ranking, as described herein. Otherembodiments can include a user specifying keywords for a message andspecifying which records or users are most important.

In one embodiment, a filter can be used that only allows certain feeditems to be added to a feed and/or to be displayed as part of a feed. Afilter can be used such that the removal or non-addition of certain feeditems automatically occur for any new feed items after the filtercriteria are entered. The filter criteria can also be addedretroactively. The criteria of such a filter can be applied via a querymechanism as part of adding a feed item to a table or displaying a feed,as described in sections above. In various embodiments, a user candirectly write a query or create the query through a graphical userinterface.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method 1400 for creating a custom feed forusers of a database system using filtering criteria according toembodiments. Any of the following steps can be performed wholly orpartially with the database system, and in particular by one or moreprocessor of the database system.

In step 1410, one or more criteria specifying which feed items are to bedisplayed to a first user are received from a tenant. In one embodiment,the criteria specifies which items to add to the custom feed. Forexample, the criteria could specify to only include feed items forcertain fields of a record, messages including certain keywords, andother criteria mentioned herein. In another embodiment, the criteriaspecifies which items to remove from the custom feed. For example, thecriteria could specify not to include feed items about certain fields orincluding certain keywords.

In step 1420, the database system identifies feed items of one or moreselected objects that match the criteria. The feed items can be storedin the database, e.g., in one or more of the tables of FIG. 9A. In oneembodiment, the one or more selected objects are the objects that thefirst user is following. In another embodiment, the one or more selectedobjects is a single record whose record feed the first user isrequesting.

In step 1430, the feed items that match the criteria are displayed tothe first user in the custom feed. The generation of text for a feedtracked update can occur after the identification of the feed items(e.g. data for a field change) and before the display of the finalversion of the feed item.

In one embodiment, the criteria is received before a feed item iscreated. In another embodiment, the criteria is received from the firstuser. In one aspect, the criteria may only used for determining feeds todisplay to the first user. In yet another embodiment, the criteria isreceived from a first tenant and applies to all of the users of thefirst tenant. Also, in an embodiment where a plurality of criteria arespecified, the criteria may be satisfied for a feed item if onecriterion is satisfied.

Some embodiments can provide mechanisms to search for feed items ofinterest. For example, the feed items can be searched by keyword, e.g.,as entered by a user. As another example, a tab (or other selectiondevice) can show feed items about or from a particular user. In oneimplementation, only messages (or even just comments) from a particularuser can be selected.

In another embodiment, a user can enter search criteria so that the feeditems currently displayed are searched and a new list of matching feeditems is displayed. A search box can be used to enter keywords.Picklists, menus, or other mechanisms can be used to select searchcriteria. In yet another embodiment, feed comments are text-indexed andsearchable. Feed comments accessibility and visibility can apply on thesearch operation too.

In one embodiment, when a user performs a search of feeds, there can bean implicit filter of the user (e.g., by user ID). This can restrict thesearch to only the news feed of the user, and thus to only record feedsand profile feeds that the user is subscribed. In another embodiment,searches can also be done across feeds of users and records that are notbeing subscribed.

Besides searching for feed items that match a criteria, one also couldsearch for a particular feed item. However, in one embodiment, a usercannot directly query a feed item or feed comment. In such anembodiment, a user can query to obtain a particular profile or recordfeed, and then navigate to the feed item (e.g. as child of the parentfeed). In another embodiment, the relationship from a feed to its parententity (e.g. a record or user profile) is uni-directional. That is auser can navigate from the feed to the parent but not vice versa.

In one embodiment, a user can directly query the child tables, e.g.,comment table 930. Thus, a user could search for comments only that userhas made, or comments that contain certain words. In another embodiment,a user can search for a profile feed of only one user. In yet anotherembodiment, a user can search for profile feeds of multiple users (e.g.by specifying multiple user names or IDs), which can be combined into asingle feed.

XII. Maintaining Records for Follower's Feeds

If every feed item is stored and maintained on a follower's feed or evenin the profile and/or record feeds, the amount of data to be storedcould be massive, enough to cause storage issues in the system. In oneembodiment, the N (e.g. 50) most recent feed items for each feed arekept. However, there can be a need to keep certain older feed items.Thus, embodiments can remove certain feed items, while keeping others.In other embodiments, old feed tracked updates may be archived in a datastore separate from where recent feed items are stored.

In some embodiments, feeds are purged by a routine (also called areaper) that can remove items deemed not worthy to keep (e.g. olditems). Any underlying data structures from which feed items are createdcan also be purged. In one embodiment, the reaper can remove certainitems when new items are added (e.g. after every 5th item added). Asanother example, feed items may be deleted synchronously during the saveoperation itself. However, this may slow down each save operation. Inone embodiment, however, this may be better than incurring a larger costwhen the items are removed at longer intervals. In another embodiment,the reaper can run periodically as a batch process. Such routines canensure that a table size does not become too large. In one aspect, areaper routine can keep the event hifeed tracked update table relativelysmall so the sharing checks are not extremely expensive.

In various embodiments, the reaper can maintain a minimum number (e.g.50 or 100) of feed items per record, maintain a minimum number ofrecords per user (e.g. per user ID), and not deleting feed items (orentire records) which have comments against it. Such embodiments canensure that the detail page and profile page have sufficient data todisplay in a feed. Note that the sharing checks for feed queries can cutdown the number of records further for users with less access. Thus, thenumber of records finally displayed for specific users can besignificantly less than a minimum number for a specific profile orrecord feed. In one embodiment, a reaper deletes data that is older thana specified time (e.g. 6 months or a year).

In one embodiment, the reaper can perform the deletion of feed items(purging) as a batch up deletion. This can avoid deletion of largenumber of records that may lead to locking issues. In anotherembodiment, the reaper can be run often so that the table does notbecome difficult to manage (e.g. size-wise). In this way the reaper canwork on a limited set of records. In one implementation, the reaper mayhave logic that deletes certain items (e.g. by an identification) fromtables (e.g. those in FIG. 9A), or sections of the tables.

XIII. Custom Actions for an Information Feed

In some embodiments, an information feed provides default actions suchas “comment” and “unfollow.” These default actions may allow a userviewing the information feed to take actions relating to the informationfeed. For example, a “comment” action may allow the user to post acomment concerning a news item, information feed, or data record. Asanother example, an “unfollow” action may allow the user to ceasereceiving updates specific to a user or data record.

A user or organization may wish to define a custom action for aninformation feed. For example, a service provider may provide access toinformation feed services for information stored in a database at theservice provider. The information feed services may be provided to aplurality of entities such as users and/or organizations incommunication with the service provider.

A custom action may include any action established by an entity otherthan the service provider of the information feed software. The customaction may include any processing of data related to a feed item in aninformation feed. The types of processing operations may include, butare not limited to: sorting, storing, analyzing, rating, categorizing,tagging, and translating data related to feed items.

In some implementations, a custom action may be made available to aplurality of users within or associated with an organization.Alternately, or additionally, a custom action created by a first entity,such as an organization, may be provided for use by other organizations.A service provider may provide a marketplace or exchange in whichentities that create applications such as a custom action may freelydistribute, sell, or exchange applications with other entities.

A. Custom Actions Framework

As used herein, a “custom actions framework” may refer in someimplementations to functionality allowing users to create their owncustom actions on the information feed. The custom actions framework mayprovide users with limited access to the source code and computingenvironment used to create the information feed.

In some embodiments, the custom actions framework may be provided via anon-demand service environment though which various entities can receivecomputing services including an information feed service. In someembodiments, the custom actions framework may integrate withtechnologies for creating an information feed and providing userinterface components.

In some embodiments, custom actions may be defined in an easy, standard,and upgradable way. Creators of custom actions may define one or morebehaviors or settings, such as: (1) initial display when the feed itemsload, (2) handlers when actions are performed (clicked or otherwise),and/or (3) display updates in response to the actions.

In some implementations, custom actions created by users may bedisplayed in a carefully delimited area of a user interface component,such as the UI used to display the information feed. By cabining thecustom action in a limited area, the custom action may be prevented fromaltering how the rest of the information feed is displayed.

Further, the instructions may be performed within a limited context,such as an implementation of a designated interface or an overriding ofa designated abstract class. By limiting the scope of the instructionsprovided by the user, the integrity of the information feed and thecomputing services environment through which the feed is provided may bemaintained.

In some implementations, the instructions provided by the user may belimited to an implementation of a predefined abstract class. Theseinstructions may be run within a system that assigns to the instructionsdesignated permissions and refuses to perform instructions that are notpermitted.

In some implementations, many of the operations for providing a customaction may be predefined and/or provided by the service provider. Theuser may only need to implement a limited number of instructions and/orsource code methods to create a custom action. By allowing a customaction to be created with relatively little work, the ability to createa custom action may be made available to a greater number of users,including users who have relatively little technical ability.

In some embodiments, some behaviors or settings related to the customactions framework may be defined or performed in bulk to facilitatebetter performance. For example, the framework may show the customaction's display when appropriate, trigger the handlers, and/or showdisplay updates. A seamless experience may be provided for end-usersusing the information feed, potentially eliminating the need todistinguish between actions that are pre-defined in the socialinformation feed application and custom actions that are added.

In some implementations, a custom action may be provided to all users inan organization. Alternately, a custom action may be limited to aspecific subset of users, such as a group.

Several examples of custom actions created using one implementation of acustom actions framework are discussed herein. As shown in FIG. 19, a“Like” custom action allows a feed item to be assigned a status of“like” or “unlike.” FIG. 19 shows an image of a user interface in whichan information feed 1902 is displayed. The information feed 1902includes feed items 1904, 1906, and 1908. The feed items each includeseveral standard action links, such as the comment action 1910 a, thedelete action 1910 b, and the unfollow action 1910 c. The feed itemsalso include custom action links for the Like custom action. Forexample, the feed item 1904 includes a custom action link 1912 that says“Like!”, and the feed item 1906 includes custom action link 1914 thatsays “Unlike!”

As shown in FIG. 27, a “Shelf” custom action allows a feed item to beassigned a “shelf” or “unshelf” custom action. Items placed on the shelfare then accessible for viewing on a shelf page, as shown in FIG. 28.FIG. 27 shows an image of a user interface in which an information feed2702 is displayed. The information feed 2702 includes feed items 2704,2706, and 2708. Feed item 2704 includes a “Shelf” custom action link2716. Feed item 2706 includes an “Unshelf” custom action link 2718.

As shown in FIG. 27, a “Star” custom action allows a feed item to beassigned a star rating between zero and five stars. The ratings may thenbe used to compare feed items on a ratings page, as shown in FIG. 29.Feed item 2704 includes a Star custom action link 2720.

The custom actions framework may be used to different custom actions foran information feed, including various custom actions not explicitlydescribed herein. For example, a custom action may translate a feed itemto a different language, report a feed item to an administrator or otheruser, assign a tag or other value to a feed item, forward or recommend afeed item to other users, re-post a feed item (e.g., to a differentfeed), reply to a user associated with the feed item via a privatemessage, finder similar feed items, or perform any other action relatedto a feed or feed item.

FIG. 15 shows a system diagram of a system 1500 for providing a customaction, in accordance with one embodiment. The system 1500 includes aclient machine 1502 in communication with a service provider 1512.

The system 1500 also includes several communications between the clientmachine 1500 and the service provider 1512. The communication 1510includes a request for a feed. The communication 1522 includes aresponse with the feed. The communication 1524 includes a custom actiondetected message. The communication 1532 includes a response with a newcustom action.

In some embodiments, the client machine includes a display device 1504,memory 1506, and a processor 1508. The client machine 1502 may includeany device or group of devices capable of communicating with the serviceprovider 1512 and facilitating the display of, and interaction with,user interface components such as an information feed.

The service provider 1512 includes a feed generator 1514 incommunication with a custom action generator 1516. The custom actiongenerator 1516 includes generators for the display component 1518 andthe action helper 1520. The service provider 1512 also includes anaction handler 1526. The action handler 1526 may include, or communicatewith, generators for the new display component 1528 and the new actionhelper 1530.

In some embodiments, the operations performed by the custom actiongenerator 1516 and/or the action handler 1526 may be defined in whole orin part by a developer of the custom action. The development of customactions is discussed in further detail with respect to FIGS. 16 and20-26.

In some embodiments, the components shown in the service provider 1512are logical components and may not correspond to separate physicaldevices. For example, one or more of the components shown in the serviceprovider 1512 may be implemented on the application server 288 shown inFIG. 2B. The components shown in the service provider 1512 may performvarious functions but are discussed herein primarily in relation totheir interaction with the communications 1510, 1522, 1524, and 1532.Additional details regarding hardware and software infrastructure forimplementing a computing service provider are discussed in relation toFIGS. 1A-2B.

In some embodiments, the client machine 1502 may generate acommunication 1510 requesting a feed. The communication 1510 may begenerated based on a user action, such as a request for a web page thatincludes a user interface component displaying the feed. Alternately, oradditionally, the communication 1510 may be generated based on acomputer-generated action. For example, computer code running on theclient machine 1502 may trigger the communication 1510 requesting thefeed based on a detected condition.

In some embodiments, the service provider 1512 may transmit the feed tothe client machine even in the absence of an explicit request for thefeed from the client machine. For example, the client machine may beexecuting a web browser that is displaying a dynamic web page incommunication with the service provider 1512. The service provider 1512may then update the web page, or a portion of the web page, based on anevent or condition detected at the service provider 1512. In someembodiments, the feed may be provided to the client machine 1502 withoutreloading a web page and/or user interface component displayed at theclient machine (e.g., in a web browser).

In some embodiments, the communication 1510 requesting a feed may bereceived at the feed generator 1514. The feed generator 1514 may performactions defined by the service provider 1512 for generating the feed.For example, the feed generator 1514 may retrieve information fordisplay in the feed, format the information for display at the clientmachine, associate the information with client-side scriptinginstructions or other data, and/or initiate any necessary operations forconstructing the feed.

In some embodiments, the operations initiated by the feed generator 1514may include operations for providing one or more custom actions. In someinstances, a feed may include only one custom action. In otherinstances, a feed may include more than one custom action for a givenfeed item or for the feed itself.

In some embodiments, the operations initiated by the feed generator 1514to provide a custom action may include a call to a custom actiongenerator 1516. The custom action generator 1516 may containinstructions or data provided by a third-party entity. The custom actiongenerator 1516 may be, for example, a programming language class thatimplements an abstract class for providing custom objects.

In some embodiments, the custom action generator 1516 may includeinstructions and/or data provided by the service provider 1512. Theseinstructions or data may include helper methods, security methods,database access methods, security-related methods, wrapper markup orinstructions for generating the display component, wrapper markup orinstructions for generating the action helper, or any other information.

In some embodiments, the call to the custom action generator 1516 mayinclude a list or other indication of identifiers for feed items thatcould include a custom action. For example, the custom action generator1516 may be passed a list of feed item identifiers, an identifier forthe feed itself, and/or identifiers for any other feed-related portionsthat may include a custom action.

In some embodiments, the custom action generator 1516 may contain theinstructions provided by the third-party entity. These may beconceptually divided into two parts, the display component generator1518 and the action helper generator 1520. These two parts may includeseparate functions or portions in the instructions. Alternately, thesetwo parts may be specified in the same function or portion. Also, theinstructions may include additional portions or functions beyond thedisplay component generator 1518 and the action helper generator 1520.

In some embodiments, the display component generator 1518 creates theportion of the custom action that is displayed in the feed userinterface component at the client machine. For example, in FIG. 27, thedisplay components include the “Shelf” link and the “Unshelf” link forthe Shelf custom action and the star rating for the Star custom action.

Because the display component generator 1518 is provided by thethird-party entity, the operations performed by the display componentgenerator 1518 may vary. The display component generator 1518 providedby the third-party entity may perform such functions as retrieving thecurrent status of the custom action for a feed item from a storagemedium, determining a display component that corresponds to theretrieved status, and associating the display component with theidentifier for the feed item.

In some embodiments, the action helper generator 1520 creates theportion of the custom action that triggers and forms the custom actiondetected message 1524. The action helper may include a client-sidescripting portion, an HTML link, information identifying the feed and/orfeed item, information identifying the custom action, informationidentifying a custom action tag, or any other information use togenerate the custom action detected message 1524. In the example of theShelf custom action, if the display component generator 1518 determinesthat the display component is “Shelf” for a given feed item, then theaction helper generator 1520 may generate an action helper that includesa client-side script onClick event, an identifier for the Shelfapplication, an identifier for the feed item, and an identifierspecifying that the custom action should unshelve the identified feeditem.

In some embodiments, the custom action generator 1516 returns thegenerated custom actions to the feed generator 1514. There the customactions are incorporated into the feed component, which includesportions not defined by the third-party entity. This incorporation maybe accomplished by modifying a DOM tree, inserting HTML statements intoa document, updating information to be used in a client-side renderingengine, or any other technique for providing a user interface component.

The communication 1522 responding with the feed includes the feedgenerated by the feed generator 1514 provided by the service provider1512. In addition, the feed includes one or more custom actionsgenerated by the custom action generator 1516 in accordance with theinstructions provided by the third-party entity.

In some embodiments, when the communication 1522 is received at theclient machine, the processor 1508 and the memory 1506 can be used toprocess the received communication. The feed with the custom actions canbe displayed on the display device 1504. For example, the feed displayedin FIG. 27 includes both the Shelf and Star custom actions.

When a custom action is triggered at the client machine, the clientmachine may create a message 1524 indicating the detection of the customaction. The custom action detection message 1524 may be transmitted fromthe client machine to the server.

In some embodiments, the custom action detected message 1524 may includeinformation related to the custom action that was detected. For example,the custom action detected message 1524 may include informationindicating one or more of: a custom action that was detected, a valueassociated with the custom action that was detected, an identifierassociated with a feed item for which the custom action was detected, anidentifier associated with a feed for which the custom action wasdetected, and any other relevant information.

In some embodiments, the server may receive the custom action detectedmessage 1524 at an action handler 1526. The action handler 1526 mayperform or trigger actions for responding to the detected custom action.For example, if the custom action established a star rating for a feeditem, as may be the case when using the Star custom action, then thecustom action handler 1526 may identify the star rating detected at theclient machine and assign the rating to the feed item for the user. Asanother example, if the custom action added a feed item to a shelf asmay the case when using the Shelf custom action, then the custom actionhandler 1526 may assign a value to the feed item indicating that thefeed item should appear on the shelf.

In some embodiments, the custom action handler 1526 may trigger thegeneration of a new display component 1528, a new action helper 1530, orboth. Although the new display component 1528 and new action helper areshown in FIG. 15 as being separate from the action handler 1526, theaction handler 1526 may include one or both of these operations.Alternately, or additionally, the action handler 1526 may initiateoperations 1518 and/or 1520 to create the new display component and/orthe new action helper. In some embodiments, the new display component1528 and/or the new action helper 1530 may be generated in a mannersubstantially similar to the display component 1518 and/or action helper1520.

The new display component 1528 may update the display component of thecustom action to reflect the action indicated in the custom actiondetected message 1524. For example, if the custom action detected was astar value associated with a Star custom action, then the new displaycomponent 1528 may display the amount of stars indicated in the customaction detected message 1524. As another example, if the custom actiondetected indicated that a feed item should be placed on the shelf as maybe the case with a Shelf custom action, then the new display component1528 may display the word “Shelf” to reflect the new status of the feeditem.

In some embodiments, the new action helper 1530 may update the actionhelper of the custom action to reflect the custom action indicated inthe custom action detected message 1524. For example, in the case of theShelf custom action, the new action helper 1530 may provide aclient-side script to create a custom action detected message thatindicates that the feed item should be removed from the shelf if thecustom action is triggered.

Once the action handler 1526 handles the detected custom action and oncethe new display component 1528 and the new action helper 1530 aregenerated, the response with the new custom action 1532 is transmittedfrom the service provider 1512 to the client machine as a responsemessage 1532 with a new custom action. The response message may includeinformation such as the new display component 1528 and the new actionhelper 1530.

In some embodiments, the response message 1532 may be received at theclient machine 1502 and used to display a new custom action replacingthe custom action that was triggered. For example, a new “Shelf” customaction may be displayed in the information feed if the custom actionthat was detected was “Unshelf”

In some embodiments, operations 1526-1530 and operations 1514-1520 arenot necessarily performed in the order shown in FIG. 15. Instead, theseoperations may be performed in any order, in accordance with thesoftware code instructions defined by the provider of the computingservices environment or the user developing the custom action.

FIG. 16 shows a flow diagram of a method 1600 for setting up a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment. The method 1600 maybe used to receive instructions or other information from a user and toestablish a custom action based on the received information.

In some implementations, the instructions may be received from a clientmachine in communication with a service provider, such as the serviceprovider 1512 shown in FIG. 15. Additional details regarding a serviceprovider in accordance with one embodiment are discussed in relation toFIGS. 1A-2B.

The instructions may be received in accordance with a pre-definedframework, interface, or other computer programming code structure. Insome embodiments, the instructions may inherit from a base abstractcontroller class for providing a custom action. The abstract controllerclass may be provided in JavaScript®, Java®, Apex™, or any otherprogramming language for implementing a controller class.

In some implementations, the base controller class may perform at lastsome of the operations for providing the custom action. These operationsmay include any operations likely to be common to many or all customactions. For example, the base controller class may be responsible forcreating an area of the user interface for displaying the custom action,handling the receipt of custom action triggering messages from theclient machine, transmitting updated custom action messages to theclient machine, and other such operations.

In some embodiments, the base controller class may include one or moreabstract methods. The user may create a surplus controller class thatimplements the abstract controller class. The surplus controller classmay include the user's implementation of the abstract methods in thebase controller class. The user's implementation of the abstract methodsmay include computer programming language instructions.

In some implementations, the computer programming language instructionsprovided by the user may be provided in the same computer programminglanguage used to implement the base controller class (e.g.,JavaScript®). Alternately, the user may provide computer programminglanguage instructions in a different computer programming language, andthese instructions may be translated or otherwise made to interoperatewith the base controller class.

The technique of implementing an abstract method or class is also knownas overriding. In some embodiments, methods that may be overriddeninclude methods such as actionID( ), getActionHTMLs( ) andhandleActions( ). These methods will be discussed in greater detail withrespect to the operations shown in FIG. 16. Examples of instructionsoverriding these three methods are shown in the sample code providedherein for both the Like and Shelf applications.

At 1602, a request to create a custom action for display in a feed isreceived. The request received at 1602, as well as other communications,may be received within a communication session. In the communicationsession, one or more of a user transmitting the request, an entityassociated with the user, and/or the client machine from which therequest is transmitted may be identified and/or authenticated to theservice provider.

In some embodiments, the request received at 1602 may explicitly orimplicitly specify contextual information for creating the customaction. For example, the request received at 1602 may specify anorganization to which the custom action applies, a category orclassification of feeds or feed items to which the custom actionapplies, a name for the custom action, and/or any other informationrelated to the creation of the custom action.

At 1604, instructions for determining a name for the custom action arereceived. For example, the server may receive from a user instructionsfor including in a method that overrides the actionID( ) method providedin the custom actions framework.

In some implementations, the actionID( ) method may return an identifierthat matches what was defined in the custom action record. In the caseof the Like custom action, the actionID( ) may return “like.”

In some embodiments, the instructions for determining a name may becomparatively simple. For example, the instructions may simply implementan abstract method for returning the name and specify a name to return.

In some implementations, the service provider may generate theinstructions for determining a name. For example, the service providermay have received from the user (e.g., at 1602) an indication of thename of the custom action. The instructions for determining a name maythen be automatically generated based on the name received.

At 1606, instructions are received for generating the custom action forthe feed. In some embodiments, the instructions received at 1606 mayinclude a method overriding the getActionHTMLs( ) method provided in thebase custom action controller class. The instructions received at 1606may include any actions to be performed at the server for creating theappearance or function of the custom action that is displayed in theinformation feed at the client machine. In some implementations, theinstructions received at 1606 may be used to create the custom actiongenerator 1516 shown in FIG. 15.

For example, the instructions received at 1606 may specify a text labelor image to be displayed at the client machine. The text label or imageto be displayed for a given feed item may differ based on a state orstatus of the custom action for the feed item. For instance, an image ofstars may appear for the Star custom action. In the case of the Likecustom action, the text label “Like” is displayed for a given feed itemif the user viewing the feed has indicated that that feed item.Accordingly, the instructions specifying a text label or image to bedisplayed may include a database query to determine a state or status ofthe custom action for each feed item. In some implementations, theinstructions for generating a text label or image may be used to providethe display component generator 1518 shown in FIG. 15.

As another example, the instructions received at 1606 may be used tocreate a way for notifying the server of a custom action triggered atthe client machine. For example, the instructions may include anindication of an action tag or other information to be included in thecustom action detected message 1524 shown in FIG. 15. In some instances,the selection of the action tag or other information used to generate anotification message to the server may be based on a current state orstatus of the custom action for a feed item. In the case of the Likecustom action, a custom action set to “Like” for a given feed item mayinclude an action tag specifying that if the custom action is detected,the custom action for the feed item should change to “Unlike.” In someimplementations, the instructions for creating a way to notify the serveof a custom action triggered at the client machine may be used toprovide the display action helper generator 1520 shown in FIG. 15.

Generation of a custom action in accordance with user-definedinstructions is discussed in further detail with respect to FIG. 17.

At 1608, instructions are received for responding to a custom actiontriggering event. In some implementations, the instructions received at1608 may override the abstract handleActions( ) method. When a userclicks on a custom action link on the client machine, an indication ofthe triggered custom action is transmitted to the server. The serverdetects this custom action triggering event and may perform an action inresponse, as discussed with respect to the action handler 1526 shown inFIG. 15.

The instructions received at 1608 may include instructions for updatinga status or state of the custom action for a given feed item. Theinstructions for updating a status or state of the custom action mayinclude one or more database queries to store this change. For example,the instructions may specify an action to be performed if the usertriggers the Like custom action for a feed item. If the operation codeis “like”, a like record may be inserted and the display may be changedto unlike. If instead the operation code is “unlike”, the matchingrecords may be deleted and the display may be changed to “unlike.”

The instructions received at 1608 may also include instructions forcreating the new display component 1528 and the new action helper 1530shown in FIG. 15. As discussed with respect to FIG. 15, in someimplementations these instructions may simply reference the displaycomponent 1518 and/or action helper 1520. Alternately, or additionally,the instructions for creating the new display component and the newaction helper may be distinct from the instructions provided at 1606.

A method of handling a custom action in accordance with user-providedinstructions is discussed in greater detail with respect to FIG. 18.

At 1610, computer program instructions for creating the custom actionare generated. The generation of computer program instructions forcreating the custom action may include any operations for rendering theinstructions provided by the user executable on the service provider'ssystem.

For example, a custom object may be created to store information forstoring a state or status of the custom action. A custom action mayinclude or refer to a custom action record. A custom action record mayinclude a name, a unique ID, and/or a handler. The handler may point toa dynamic webpage such as a VisualForce™ page.

As yet another example, the instructions may be wrapped in the baseabstract class or in other computer programming code to protect datastored at the service provider, to protect the visual integrity of theinformation feed, to protect the service provider's infrastructure, orfor any other reason. For example, the getActionHTMLs( ) method may bewrapped in a method provided by the service provider to render thecustom action in a limited, well-defined area of the user interfacecomponent in which the feed is generated.

As yet another example, the instructions provided by the user (e.g., inoperations 1602-1608) may be verified, checked, compiled, translated, orotherwise processed. These operations may be performed for securitypurposes, for compatibility purposes, or for any other reason. Forexample, the instructions provided by the user may be checked for thepresence of a malicious exploit such as code injection. As anotherexample, the instructions may be checked to ensure that the user hasaccess to the feed items on which the custom actions are beingperformed.

In some embodiments, the custom action framework includes an abstractclass with three methods that are overridden by the user to create acustom action, as described with respect to FIG. 16. However, anytechniques for securely executing user-provided instructions within acomputer services environment may be used to provide the custom actionsframework. For example, the user may be provided with a menu of varioussecure operations that may be performed, and the user could select fromthese options to create a custom action.

In some embodiments, operations shown as separate in FIG. 16 may not beseparate when performed at the server. For example, any or all of theinstructions and information received from the user may be received as asingle file, as a collection of files, or in any other way. As anotherexample, any or all of the instructions and information may be providedby editing a user interface component, sending a message, uploading afile, or according to any other technique for transmitting information.

FIG. 17 shows a flow diagram of a method 1700 for generating a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment. In someembodiments, one or more of the operations shown in FIG. 17 may besubstantially similar to the components 1514-1520 shown in FIG. 15.

In some embodiments, the method 1700 may take as input an indication ofa particular feed to be displayed in a user interface componentdisplayed on a display device at a client machine. The method 1700 mayreturn as output a list of generated custom actions for use in creatingthe feed for inclusion in the user interface component.

In some implementations, the method 1700 may be performed for eachcustom action to be displayed in the feed. In other implementations, themethod 1700 may be performed once for all custom actions. In still otherimplementations, some portions of the method 1700 may be performed oncefor all custom actions, while other portions may be performed for eachcustom action.

At 1702, a request is received for a custom action list for a feedcontaining one or more feed items. In some embodiments, the request maybe received at a process or program that generates the feed on theserver. For example, the request may be received at the feed generator1514 shown in FIG. 15.

In some embodiments, the request may be received as part of a requestfor a web page or user interface component that contains the feed. Forexample, a client machine may transmit a request for a page to theserver. As part of providing the requested web page, the server mayinitiate the request for the feed.

At 1704, custom action generation instructions are identified for thecustom action. The custom action generation instructions may beidentified based on the request retrieved at 1702. For example, therequest may specify that a custom action list should be generated forthe Shelf custom action. In this case, the request received at 1702 mayinclude a unique identifier associated with Shelf, such as “shelf.”

In some embodiments, the custom action generation instructions may beidentified by performing a database query in which user-definedinstructions for generating the custom action are retrieved. Theseuser-defined instructions may specify a procedure for generating acustom action display component and/or an action helper for each feeditem. The creation of these user-defined instructions is discussed ingreater detail with respect to FIG. 2.

At 1706, a feed item ID is retrieved for each of the feed items in thefeed. In some embodiments, the feed item ID may be passed into theCustom Action Generation Method 1700 as a parameter. For example, thefeed generation 1514 shown in FIG. 15 may provide a list of feed itemIDs when initiating the custom action generator 1516.

Alternately, the feed item ID may be retrieved by performing a databasequery. The database query may specify an identifier for the feed itself,and the query may return a list of feed item IDs.

At 1708, an unprocessed fed item is selected as the current feed item.In some embodiments, the unprocessed feed item may be selected from thefeed item IDs retrieved at 1706. The unprocessed feed item may beselected sequentially or via any other ordering.

At 1710, a custom action display component is generated for the currentfeed item. In some embodiments, the custom action display component maybe generated at the server in accordance with the user-definedinstructions retrieved at 1704. The procedure for generating the customaction display component may include operations such as determining acurrent value associated with the custom action, identifying text orimages associated with the current value, formulating or retrievingstylistic information for creating the display component, and combiningthe retrieved or identified information to create the display component.

At 1712, a custom item action helper is generated for the current feeditem. In some embodiments, the custom item action helper may begenerated at the server in accordance with the user-defined instructionsretrieved at 1704. The procedure for generating the action helper mayinclude operations such as determining a current value associated withthe custom action, determining a script action or other client-sideoperation associated with the current value, and combining the scriptaction or client-side operation with the display component generated at1712.

At 1714, the generated display component is added to the custom actionlist. In some embodiments, the custom action list may include a list ofcustom actions that have been generated. The list may associate eachgenerated custom action with a feed item ID. When the list is providedto a process used to generate the feed, the process may use the list toretrieve the custom action to display for each feed item ID.

At 1716, a determination is made as to whether any unprocessed feeditems remain. The determination made at 1716 may involve determiningwhether each feed item ID retrieved at 1706 has been processed.

At 1718, the custom action list is returned. In some embodiments, thecustom action list may include the display component and display helperfor each custom action in the list.

In some embodiments, the custom action list may be returned to a processtasked with generating the feed itself, such as the feed generator 1514shown in FIG. 15. The feed generator may use the custom action list toincorporate the custom actions into the feed. For example, in the Likecustom action, each like or unlike custom action may be added to thefeed item specified by the feed item ID associated with the customaction.

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram of a method 1800 for handling a customaction, performed in accordance with one embodiment. The method forhandling the custom action 1800 may be performed at a server controlledby a service provider, such as the service provider 1512 shown in FIG.15.

In some embodiments, the service provider may be in communication with aclient machine, such as the client machine 1502. The custom action maybe detected at the client machine. The method 1800 may be triggered uponthe receipt of a message from the client machine at the serverindicating that the custom action was triggered.

In some embodiments, one or more of the operations shown in FIG. 18 mayperform actions described with respect to the action handler 1526, thenew display component 1528, and/or the new action helper 1530 shown inFIG. 15.

At 1802, a custom action triggering event is detected. The custom actiontriggering event may include the receipt of a message transmitted fromthe client machine. For example, the custom action triggering event mayinclude the custom action detected message 1524 shown in FIG. 15.

In some embodiments, the custom action detected message 1524 may be sentfrom the client machine to the server when a client-side scripting eventor action is detected at the client machine. The scripting event may be,for example, a JavaScript® event such as an onClick handler that isexecuted when a link in a web page is clicked.

At 1804, the custom action indicated as triggered by the custom actiontriggering event is identified. In some embodiments, the custom actionmay be specified in a message received from the client machine. Forexample, the custom action detected message 1524 may include anindication of the custom action that was triggered at the clientmachine. In the case of the Shelf custom action, the message may includean identifier specifying that an action associated with the Shelf customaction has been triggered. Identifying the custom action may includelocating an identifier associated with the custom action, retrievinginformation stored on the server used to identify custom actions, and/orperforming one or more processing operations on the detected triggeringevent.

At 1806, instructions for handling the identified custom action areretrieved. In some embodiments, the instructions may be retrieved byperforming a query using an identifier located in operation 1804. Theinstructions for handling the custom action may have been specified by auser of services provided by the service provider, as discussed withrespect to FIGS. 15-17.

In some embodiments, the instructions may include methods implemented ina source code language. Some or all of these methods may implementabstract classes, interfaces, or templates provided by the serviceprovider.

At 1808, a feed item ID and an action tag associated with the triggeringevent are identified. The feed item ID and the action tag may beincluded with the triggering event detected at 1802. For example, thefeed item ID and the action tag may be transmitted from the clientmachine to the server in the custom action detected message 1524 shownin FIG. 15.

In some implementations, the feed item ID may identify the feed item towhich the detected custom action is related. For example, a user mayhave clicked a “Like” custom action for a particular feed item, so theuser's preference should be updated at the server for that feed item.

In some implementations, the action tag may identify the action to takewith respect to the feed item ID. For example, in the Like customaction, each feed item may be set to either “like” or “unlike.” Theaction tag may specify which of these values should be assigned to thefeed item.

At 1810, the action specified by the action tag is executed for the feeditem ID. The action executed at 1810 may be defined by a user, asdiscussed with respect to FIGS. 15-17. Thus, the action executed willdepend on the source code instructions specified by the user.

In some instances, the action executed at 1810 may be relatively simple.For example, with the Like custom action, the action executed at 1810may simply assign the value specified by the identified action tag tothe feed item having the identified feed item ID. This operation mayinvolve performing a database query in which a value associated with thefeed item ID in the database is updated to reflect the action tag value.

In other instances, the action executed at 1810 may be not be simple.For example, a user may develop a custom action to translate feed itemsin a feed to a different language. In this case, the custom actionperformed at 1810 may include operations such as retrieving textassociated with the feed item, initiating a language translation programfor the retrieved text, storing the translated text to the database, andany other operations necessary to perform the language translation.

At 1812, a new custom action display component is generated for the feeditem. At 1814, a new custom action helper is generated for the feeditem. The operations performed at 1812 and 1814 may be substantiallysimilar to the generation of the new display component 1528 and the newaction helper 1530 discussed with respect to FIG. 15.

At 1816, the custom action is updated. In some embodiments, the customaction may be updated by transmitting a message from the server to theclient machine. The message may include the new custom action displaycomponent, the new custom action helper, the feed item ID, and any otherinformation. In some implementations, operation 1816 may besubstantially similar to the transmission of the response message 1532shown in FIG. 15.

B. The Base Custom Action Controller

In some embodiments, at least some of the programming instructions forcreating a custom action may be provided automatically. For example, acustom action created by a user may inherit from an abstract classprovided via the custom actions framework. An example of an abstractclass that may be included in the custom actions framework according toone implementation is shown below.

public abstract class BaseCustomActionJsController { protected StringreturnScript; protected String ERROR = ‘alert(“Error!”);’; /////Abstract and virtual methods ///// public abstract String actionId( );public abstract List<String> getActionHtmls(List<String> fiIds); publicabstract void handleAction(String fiId, String parentId, String op, String param); ///// Utility methods ///// // Change the HTML of anaction div protected void changeActionHtml(String fiId, String html) {returnScript += ‘document.getElementById(“‘ + fiId + ‘_’ + actionId( ) + ’_span”).innerHTML = “‘ + html.replace(“‘‘, ’\\’”) + ’”;’; } // GetHTML for an action link protected String getActionLinkHtml(String fiId,String op, String param,  String label) {  return ‘<a id=“‘ + fiId +‘_’ + actionId( ) + ’_a”   href=“javascript:void(0);”class=“feeditemactionlink”   onclick=“CCA.action(\” + actionId( ) +‘\’,\“ + fiId + ‘\’,\” + op +   ‘\’,\“ + param + ‘\’);”>’ + label +‘</a>’; } protected void appendReturnScript(String script) { returnScript += script; } ///// Framework methods ///// public voidAction( ) {  // XSRF protection  returnScript = ‘var splits = (“” +document.location).split(“/”,   3)[2].split(“.”);‘ + ’if(!(splits[splits.length−1] == “com” &&   (splits[splits.length−2] ==“salesforce” || splits[splits.length−2] ==   “force”))) { alert(“Invaliddomain!”); while(true) { } };’;  Map<String, String> params =  ApexPages.currentPage( ).getParameters( );  String fiIdParam =params.get(‘fiId’);  String parentIdParam = params.get(‘parentId’); String opParam = params.get(‘op’);  String paramParam =params.get(‘param’);  if (fiIdParam == null || parentIdparam == null ||opParam == null ||   paramParam == null) {returnScript =‘alert(“error”);’; return;}  if (opParam == ‘cca_setup’ || opParam ==‘cca_draw’) {  draw = true;  if (opParam == ‘cca_setup’) setup = true; List<String> fiIds = paramParam.split(‘,’);  List<String> labels =getActionHtmls(fiIds);  for (Integer i=0; i<fiIds.size( ); i++) { changeActionHtml(fiIds[i], labels[i]);  }  } else {  handleAction(fiIdParam, parentIdParam, opParam, paramParam);   }  } public Boolean setup { get; set; }  public Boolean draw { get; set; } public String getScript( ) {   return returnScript;  } }

C. The Like Custom Action

As discussed herein, one example of a custom action that may be providedby a third-party entity is a Like custom action. Using this customaction, the user may record an opinion—either “like” or “unlike”—of afeed item or a feed. This opinion may be used for future reference bythe user, may be data mined by the service provider or by anorganization associated with the user, may be used to sort or organizethe feed information, or may be used for any other purpose.

An image of a user interface component displaying an information feedthat includes a Like custom action is shown in FIG. 19. FIGS. 20-26 showimages of user interface components for creating the Like custom actionusing the custom actions framework, according to one implementation.

The user interface displayed in FIG. 20 includes a custom objectdefinition detail area 2002, a standard fields area 2004, and a customfields and relationships area 2006. These areas may be used to define acustom object for the custom action. In this case, a “Like” customobject is created for the Like custom action.

The user interface displayed in FIG. 21 includes a custom fielddefinition detail area 2102. In the case of the Like custom object, theonly custom field is the feedID. Accordingly, the user interfaceincludes a field information area 2104 displaying information related tothe feedID.

The user interface displayed in FIG. 22 includes a list 2202 of customactions that were recently created. In this case, only the Like customaction list entry 220 is displayed.

The user interface displayed in FIG. 23 shows a custom action detailentry 2302 for the Like custom action. The custom action detail entry2302 includes the custom action name 2304, the action ID 2306, thehandler class 2308, and other related information. In someimplementations, the handler class 2308 specifies a custom page used togenerate the custom action.

The user interface displayed in FIG. 24 shows a custom web page used togenerate the custom action. The user interface displayed in FIG. 24includes a class type 2402, a controller 2404, and an action 2406. Insome embodiments, the custom web page shown in FIG. 24 may be used tointegrate the custom actions framework with an information feed providedby a service provider that limits the interaction between user-providedcode and the computer programming code used at the service provider togenerate the information feed. For example, by including a page in auser interface sidebar with JavaScript that modifies the informationfeed, custom actions defined in the framework may be displayedseamlessly on the feed.

In some embodiments, the page shown in FIG. 24 may not be necessary. Forexample, the custom action framework may be integrated directly with thecomputer programming instructions used to provide the information feed.In this case, the custom action creator may need to define the customdisplay and action handlers and may not need to define a separate pagesuch as the page shown in FIG. 24.

The user interface displayed in FIGS. 25-26 shows the instructions forgenerating the custom action. These instructions may be provided by auser. The instructions include a class definition header 2502, anactionID( ) method 2504, a getActionHTMLs( ) method 2506, and ahandleAction( ) method 2508.

In some embodiments, as the like object data gets populated, the datamay be used in interesting ways. For example, users may identify themost “liked” feed items. As another example, users may create custompages to show the data generated by the Like custom action.

In some embodiments, at least some of the programming instructions forcreating the Like custom action may be provided automatically,especially for a simple custom action such as Like. For example, theframework may takes care of showing the action links as needed, such asdisplaying a new feed or showing more feed items. An example ofinstructions for creating the Like custom action according to oneimplementation is shown below.

public with sharing class ChatterLikeJsController extendsBaseCustomActionJsController {  public override String actionId( ) {  return ‘like’;  }  public override List<String>getActionHtmls(List<String> fiIds) {   Set<String> s = new Set<String>();   for (Chatter_Like__c c : [SELECT fiId_c FROM Chatter_Like__c   WHERE OwnerId=:UserInfo.getUserId( ) AND fiId__c IN :fiIds]) {    s.add(c.fiId__c);   }   List<String> labels = new List<String>( );  for (String f : fiIds) {    if (s.contains(f)) {    labels.add(getActionLinkHtml(f, ‘unlike’, ‘’, ‘Unlike’));    } else{     labels.add(getActionLinkHtml(f, ‘like’, ‘’, ‘Like’));    }   }  return labels;  }  public override void handleAction(String fiId,String parentId, String op,  String param) {   if (op == ‘like’) {   Chatter_Like__c cl = new Chatter_Like__c( );    cl.fiId__c = fiId;   cl.parentId__c = parentId;    Insert(cl);    changeActionHtml(fiId,getActionLinkHtml(fiId, ‘unlike’, ‘’,    ‘Unlike’));   } else if (op ==‘unlike’) {    Delete([SELECT Id FROM Chatter_Like__c WHERE   fiId__c=:fiId]);    changeActionHtml(fiId, getActionLinkHtml(fiId,‘like’, ‘’,    ‘Like’));   }  } }

D. The Shelf Custom Action

An example of a custom action that may be created according to oneembodiment is referred to herein as a Shelf custom action. The Shelfcustom action refers to bookmarking application functionality thatallows a user to tag interesting feed items and review them later. FIGS.27-28 show images of user interface components that include featuresassociated with the Shelf custom action.

If an information feed includes items many different feed items, thenany given feed item may be pushed down the information feed relativelyquickly. In this case, it may be difficult to retrieve an older feeditem. The Shelf custom action may allow a user viewing the informationfeed to bookmark and/or revisit feed items that are interesting to theuser.

Using this custom action, the user may flag a feed item or feed forlater retrieval. In some embodiments, when a user sees a feed item thatthe user would like to bookmark, the user can click on a “shelf” button.Feed items that have already shelved can be unshelved.

In some implementations, a user can revisit the feed items the user hassaved, as shown in FIG. 28. The shelf flag may be used to provide acustomized user interface component that displays items that have beenshelved. For example, the user interface displayed in FIG. 28 includesshelved information feed items 2802, 2804, 2806, 2808, and 2810. Theinterface may show up-to-date comments. For example, the user interfacedisplayed in FIG. 28 includes comments 2812, 2814, 2816, and 2818. Theinterface may allow the user to page through bookmarks. If the userfinds a feed item that is no longer relevant, the user may remove it.Thus, the shelf custom action may be used to sort and manage importantfeed items in feeds that have many feed items.

In some embodiments, the interface provides the ability to view anotheruser's shelf. For example, if a user is talking to a co-worker about aninteresting feed item, the user can direct the co-worker to the user'sshelf to see the feed item, even if the feed item not on the co-worker'sown information feed. Thus, the shelf custom action may also promotebookmark sharing between users.

The Shelf is an example of a custom action that may be created using thecustom action framework, according to one embodiment. Thus, the featuresdescribed herein as being associated with the Shelf custom action areprovided as an example of the capabilities of the custom actionframework. These features may be customized by the entity developing theShelf application. An example of the instructions that may be providedby the third-party entity to create the shelf custom action is asfollows.

public with sharing class ChatterShelfJsController extendsBaseCustomActionJsController {  public override String actionId( ) {  return ‘shelf’;  }  public override List<String>getActionHtmls(List<String> fiIds) {   Set<String> shelvableFeedIds =new Set<String>( );   for (UserFeed uf : [SELECT Id FROM UserFeed WHEREType   !=‘ContentPost’ AND Id IN :fiIds LIMIT :fiIds.size( )]) {   shelvableFeedIds.add((uf.Id + ‘’).substring(0,15));  }  Set<String>shelvedIds = new Set<String>( );  for (ChatterBookmark__c c : [SELECTfeedItemId__c FROM  ChatterBookmark__c WHERE feedItemId__c IN:shelvableFeedIds  AND OwnerId=:UserInfo.getUserId( )]) {  shelvedIds.add((c.feedItemId__c + ‘’).substring(0,15));  } List<String> labels = new List<String>( );  for (String fiId : fiIds) {  if (!shelvableFeedIds.contains(fiId)) {    labels.add(‘’);   } else if(shelvedIds.contains(fiId)) {    labels.add(getActionLinkHtml(fiId,‘unshelf’, ‘’, ‘Unshelf’));   } else {   labels.add(getActionLinkHtml(fiId, ‘shelf’, ‘’, ‘Shelf’));   }  } return labels; } public override void handleAction(String fiId, StringparentId, String op, String param) {  if (op == ‘shelf’) {  ChatterBookmark__c cb = new ChatterBookmark__c( );   cb.feedItemId__c= fiId;   cb.feedItemParentId__c = parentId;   Insert(cb);  changeActionHtml(fiId, getActionLinkHtml(fiId, ‘unshelf’, ‘’,  ‘Unshelf’));   } else if (op == ‘unshelf’) {    Delete([SELECT Id FROMChatterBookmark__c WHERE    FeedItemId__c = :fiId AND OwnerId =:UserInfo.getUserId( )]);    changeActionHtml(fiId,getActionLinkHtml(fiId, ‘shelf’, ‘’,    ‘Shelf’));   }  } }

E. The Star Custom Action

An example of a custom action that may be created according to oneembodiment is referred to herein as the Star custom action. The Starcustom action integrates a star-rating system onto the information feed.FIGS. 27 and 29 show images that include features associated with theStar custom action.

In some embodiments, a star rating widget may be provided for aninformation feed, as shown in FIG. 27. The user can rate a feed item(e.g., from 1-5 stars). The user may see the number of votes and/or anaverage rating for the feed item. A vote may only count once, but theuser can change a previous vote.

In some implementations, an interface for displaying a scoreboard forthe ratings may be provided, as shown in FIG. 29. The scoreboarddisplayed in FIG. 29 includes an area 2902 for the highest rated feeditems, an area 2904 for the lowest rated feed items, and an area 2906for the feed items with the most votes. The scoreboard interface maycreate a level of community and collaboration beyond just posting andcommenting.

In some embodiments, the dashboard view may include time range filters,as shown in the time filter selection area 2908 shown in FIG. 29. Adefault setting may show ratings from only a limited time range (e.g.,one week). However, the user may also look at ratings in different timeranges. In some implementations, feed items with comments have a linkthat allows the user to open up and view the comments, as shown in FIG.29.

The Star custom action is an example of a custom action that may becreated using the custom action framework, according to one embodiment.Thus, the features described herein as being associated with the Starcustom action are provided as an example of the capabilities of thecustom action framework. These features may be customized by the entitydeveloping the Star custom action application.

The specific details of the specific aspects of the present inventionmay be combined in any suitable manner without departing from the spiritand scope of embodiments of the invention. However, other embodiments ofthe invention may be directed to specific embodiments relating to eachindividual aspects, or specific combinations of these individualaspects.

While examples of the present invention are often described herein withreference to an embodiment in which an on-demand enterprise servicesenvironment is implemented in a system having an application serverproviding a front end for an on-demand database service capable ofsupporting multiple tenants, the present invention is not limited tomulti-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers.Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e.,ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope ofthe embodiments claimed.

It should be understood that the present invention as described abovecan be implemented in the form of control logic using hardware and/orusing computer software in a modular or integrated manner. Other waysand/or methods to implement the present invention are possible usinghardware and a combination of hardware and software.

Any of the software components or functions described in thisapplication may be implemented as software code to be executed by aprocessor using any suitable computer language such as, for example,Java, C++ or Perl using, for example, conventional or object-orientedtechniques. The software code may be stored as a series of instructionsor commands on a computer readable medium for storage and/ortransmission, suitable media include random access memory (RAM), a readonly memory (ROM), a magnetic medium such as a hard-drive or a floppydisk, or an optical medium such as a compact disk (CD) or DVD (digitalversatile disk), flash memory, and the like. The computer readablemedium may be any combination of such storage or transmission devices.Computer readable media encoded with the software/program code may bepackaged with a compatible device or provided separately from otherdevices (e.g., via Internet download). Any such computer readable mediummay reside on or within a single computer program product (e.g. a harddrive or an entire computer system), and may be present on or withindifferent computer program products within a system or network. Acomputer system may include a monitor, printer, or other suitabledisplay for providing any of the results mentioned herein to a user.

While various embodiments have been described herein, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present applicationshould not be limited by any of the embodiments described herein, butshould be defined only in accordance with the following andlater-submitted claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a serverdevice, a request to create a custom action that specifies programminginstructions for responding to a custom action triggering event and acategory of feed items to which the custom action applies; identifying,by the server device, an item identifier and the custom action based onreceipt of a custom action detected message indicating that the customaction triggering event occurred on a client device, wherein the customaction detected message indicates that a scripting event is detected onthe client device viewing an information post having a feed itemmatching the category; retrieving and executing, by the server device,the programming instructions to modify data in the information postidentified by the item identifier; and in response to a detectedcondition, generating, by the server device, a custom action displaycomponent and a custom action helper, transmitting the custom actiondisplay component and the custom action helper to the client device, andcausing the client device to update the information post to include thecustom action display component and the custom action helper.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the custom action detected message comprisesthe item identifier, a feed identifier, and a custom action identifier.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the item identifier identifies thefeed item in the information post to which the custom action applies. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the programming instructions are wrappedin an abstract class.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, by the server device, the programming instructions in acustom actions framework that allows an administrator to configure thecustom action.
 6. A system, comprising: a memory; and at least oneprocessor coupled to the memory and configured to: receive a request tocreate a custom action that specifies programming instructions forresponding to a custom action triggering event and a category of feeditems to which the custom action applies; identify an item identifierand the custom action based on receipt of a custom action detectedmessage indicating that the custom action triggering event occurred on aclient device, wherein the custom action detected message indicates thata scripting event is detected on the client device viewing aninformation post having a feed item matching the category; retrieve andexecute the programming instructions for the item identifier to modifydata in the information post; and in response to a detected condition,generate a custom action display component and a custom action helper,transmit the custom action display component and the custom actionhelper to the client device, and cause the client device to update theinformation post to include the custom action display component and thecustom action helper.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the customaction detected message comprises the item identifier, a feedidentifier, and a custom action identifier.
 8. The system of claim 6,wherein the item identifier identifies the feed item in the informationpost to which the custom action applies.
 9. The system of claim 6,wherein the programming instructions are wrapped in an abstract class.10. The system of claim 6, the at least one processor further configuredto: receive the programming instructions in a custom actions frameworkthat allows an administrator to configure the custom action.
 11. Anon-transitory computer-readable device having instructions storedthereon that, when executed by at least one computing device, causes theat least one computing device to perform operations comprising:receiving a request to create a custom action that specifies programminginstructions for responding to a custom action triggering event and acategory of feed items to which the custom action applies; identifyingan item identifier and the custom action based on receipt of a customaction detected message indicating that the custom action triggeringevent occurred on a client device, wherein the custom action detectedmessage indicates that a scripting event is detected on the clientdevice viewing an information post having a feed item matching thecategory; retrieving and executing the programming instructions tomodify data in the information post identified by the item identifier;and in response to a detected condition, generating a custom actiondisplay component and a custom action helper, transmitting the customaction display component and the custom action helper to the clientdevice, and causing the client device to update the information post toinclude the custom action display component and the custom actionhelper.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable device of claim 11,wherein the custom action detected message comprises the itemidentifier, a feed identifier, and a custom action identifier.
 13. Thenon-transitory computer-readable device of claim 11, wherein the itemidentifier identifies the feed item in the information post to which thecustom action applies.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable deviceof claim 11, wherein the programming instructions are wrapped in anabstract class.